An Integrative Review: The Role of the Doula in Breastfeeding Initiation and Duration

The objective of this integrative review was to assess birth and postpartum doulas'' roles in supporting breastfeeding initiation and duration. The electronic databases Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Embase, PubMed, and Scopus were searched using the key terms doula and breastfeeding. Fourteen articles met inclusion criteria. Six key themes were identified. Doulas may acquire only modest amounts of lactation-specific education; however, doula care still enhances the breastfeeding care provided by health-care professionals. Doulas offer prenatal and intrapartum support that encourages breastfeeding initiation in the hospital, as well as providing breastfeeding support in the community and home settings. This reinforces the unique role of the doula in bolstering maternal–infant health. The effect of doulas on breastfeeding duration is less clear.     

生灭过程逆局部时的构造及性质

利用游程理论来研究生灭过程,对于特征数R〈∞的生灭过程,建立了其在∞处的局部时、逆局部时及Poisson点过程,说明了右逆局部时是一个＂杀死的＂从属子,并给出其对应的漂移系数、Levy测度及＂杀死的＂速度.     

悲剧在伍尔夫小说中诞生——论尼采的日神精神和酒神精神在伍尔夫小说中的体现

弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫是尼采笔下酒神颂歌式的作家,她将音乐和诗的元素融入小说创作中,体现了尼采的日神精神和酒神精神的完美结合。悲剧在伍尔夫的小说中诞生了。     

普希金生卒“考”——兼评几种《外国文学史》教材

作为“俄罗斯诗歌的太阳”以及“俄国文学之始祖”的普希金,其生卒时间是确定无疑的。然而在我国通行的多种“外国文学史”教材中,其生卒时间却让人是非难辨,成了一个不是问题的“问题”。本文力图对普希佥的生卒作一下小“考”,以求澄明真相。     

出生次序、父母受教育程度与大学生认知方式

独生子女与非独生子女大学生认知方式差异显著,非独生子女大学生不同出生次序认知方式无显著差异;大学生认知方式与父亲受教育程度有关,父亲受教育程度中等的大学生认知方式得分显著高于父亲受教育程度较低的大学生,同时也高于父亲受教育程度较高的大学生,但差异并不显著;母亲受教育程度为高、中、低的大学生认知方式差异不显著。     

Research summaries for normal birth

In this column, the author summarizes four research studies relevant to normal birth. The topics of the studies include the clinical and behavioral benefits of skin-to-skin contact after birth; the effect of a group model of prenatal care on preterm birth risk and breastfeeding success; the harmful effects of a brief interval of electronic fetal monitoring at hospital admission; and barriers to access to midwifery care.     

Construct validity of the childbirth trauma index for adolescents

The potentially traumatic nature of childbirth for adult mothers has been confirmed in research; however, adolescent childbirth trauma is unexplored. This article presents research on the construct validity of the Childbirth Trauma Index by providing a conceptual analysis of psychological childbirth trauma, factor validity of the Childbirth Trauma Index, and discussion of testing the Childbirth Trauma Index via contrasted-groups approach. Childbirth trauma can result in an acute stress reaction or actual posttraumatic stress disorder. Using subjective reports, the Impact of Event Scale, and the Childbirth Trauma Index, an appraisal of birth trauma, trauma impact, and indicators associated with childbirth trauma were revealed among 112 adolescents. Clinical implications and research recommendations are offered.     

Teaching and learning birth: "help all to know"

This guest editorial explores the idea that our worldview, regardless of education, influences our childbirth practices, sometimes interfering with achieving the goals of our discipline. Over time, we have lost our ability to support women through the process of childbirth so that they emerge as strong, healthy women. The high road ahead is to teach everyone, including ourselves, that we need to provide optimal, evidence-based care. Pursuing this path will take courage and commitment.     

Finding our way

LONG BEFORE I GOT PREGNANT, MY HUSBAND AND I BEGAN TO PREPARE FOR THE KIND OF BIRTH I HAD ALWAYS IMAGINED FOR MYSELF: peaceful, normal, and without medication or unnecessary medical intervention. In the fall of 2008, I got pregnant. At that same time, I started a new career as a labor and delivery nurse in a hospital that specializes in high-risk labor and birth. My daughter's journey into this world turned out to be the beautiful normal experience we had always imagined. This special experience also helped shape the kind of care I offer as a new labor and delivery nurse.     

Louisa's Birth

In this column, Rachel Mann shares the story of the birth of her third daughter, Louisa. After a previous pregnancy loss, Mann chose to give birth to her third baby in a hospital with attending care from an obstetrician. In spite of the high-risk medical environment, she was able to have an unmedicated, powerful birth. Mann's careful planning, the support of her husband and doula, and her confidence in her ability to give birth helped make Louisa's birth all that Mann hoped it would be.