宝黛初会与金玉之缘

宝、黛、钗是《红楼梦》的三位主人公 ,对三人的第一次相见作者都有精彩的描绘 ,宝、黛初会是一种笔墨 ,钗、玉相会又是另一副笔墨 ,而宝、黛、钗三人的一起登场便拉开了恋爱婚姻的帷幕 ,这两次初会对塑造人物形象无疑都是一次浓彩重笔的描写 ,尤其是摔玉和看玉的细节凸现了三人不同的性格特征     

陕南民间木版年画初探

陕南民间木版年画题材广泛,内容丰富,具有较高的艺术价值,在陕南民间文化艺术史上占有重要地位。本文主要从区域分布和人文地理环境、历史渊源、题材分类和基本内容、艺术特色、制作工艺、传承与发展等方面,对陕南民间木版年画的基本情况进行了初步探讨。     

从帆船到铁路:漕运与中国交通工具近代化

漕粮海运是清代后期政治生活中的大事。由于牵涉到“雇商海运”,使得它直接推动了中国传统木帆船业的发展和壮大,但由于外国轮船势力的入侵,以沙船为代表的中国木帆船丧失了沿海贸易的主动权;在与西方势力争夺沿海航运权的过程中,李鸿章利用漕粮海运的利润,创办和支撑了洋务运动的最重要的企业轮船招商局,同时也直接催生了中国近代化的轮船运输业;晚清铁路参与漕运最终得以实现。简言之,漕运对于清代运输工具的变迁,具有重要的推动作用。     

对高等院校大学生开展木球运动的探讨

木球是一项新兴的休闲体育运动,它具有男女老少皆宜、简单易学、健身益智、娱乐休闲等特点;根据木球运动的特点与功能,并对高校体育教学现状的分析,提出在高等院校大学生中开展木球运动的可行性,为进一步开展木球运动提供坚实的理论依据。     

东北林蛙蝌蚪试养中饵料的初步研究

从自然环境中获得东北林蛙蝌蚪共638只,在实验室内分装在6个1000ml的大烧杯里,用不同饵料饲养60天,发现饵料不同其生长速度、体重都有所不同,实验发现甲状腺有促进生长发育的作用。     

太阳图纹在彝族服饰上的演变

彝族先民在生产力低下的情况下将太阳形象人格化,并赋予其一种想象的超自然的力量,创作出多种象征太阳的图纹绣在服饰上以祈求保护与庇佑。这种象征原始崇拜的太阳图纹,在服饰上逐步演变,渐渐成为一种极具实用意义的装饰纹样。     

Study of Fe(II) sulphides in waterlogged archaeological wood

Abstract

Wet organic archaeological materials extracted from seawater may suffer damage as a result of degradation influenced by micro-organisms. One of the most common phenomena is indirectly induced by sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB). Due to their metabolic activity in anoxic conditions, SRB generate hydrogen sulphide from sulphate ions present in seawater. When steel items are in contact with organic matter in presence of sulphides, corrosion of the metal leads to the precipitation of Fe(II) sulphides. These phases are responsible for dramatic post-excavation damage: their oxidation during storage or exhibition in museums leads to the formation of voluminous crystals, which may cause cracking and crumbling, and lead to the production of sulphuric acid. In order to characterize Fe(II) sulphides and their by-products, 13 waterlogged samples were analysed by environmental scanning electron microscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Experiments were performed on untreated wood fragments, on a fragment of rope, and on mineral concretions scratched from the surface of wood remains, all extracted from different shipwrecks. Mackinawite was detected inside the fragments and between the fibres of the rope. Greigite was detected in scattered locations. Pyrite and sulphated phases, like gypsum and iron sulphates, were identified at the surface of the wood fragments and in the mineral concretions.     

北京地区夏商西周时期考古研究现状简

北京地区夏商西周时期的考古研究工作主要是围绕文化遗址和墓葬遗迹而展开的,对它的研究需要认识到两个方面：一是这一时期的考古文化的特殊性,它是由燕文化、北方文化、中原文化三者的交融而形成的;二是这一时期的历史属于我国古代青铜文明的一部分,要结合中原青铜文明的特征来分析.同时通过对文化遗址和墓葬的考古发掘,不仅可以使我们对夏商西周时期的历史有全新的认识,还可以为进一步研究北京考古史提供重要线索.     

Different methods for soluble salt removal tested on late-Roman cooking ware from a submarine excavation at the island of Pantelleria (Sicily,Italy)

This paper deals with the comparative evaluation of different procedures of salt extraction designed for archaeological ceramics from submarine burial environments. The experimental work was carried out on a particular type of late-Roman cooking ware finds (Pantellerian ware) found in a shipwreck near the shoreline of the Island of Pantelleria (Sicily). The studied ceramic test-pieces were first recognised in terms of bulk characteristics (mineralogy, petrography and chemistry). SEM-EDS observation allowed verification of the presence of various secondary minerals at the surface and in the pore spaces formed after the prolonged permanence in seawater under oxidising or reducing conditions. Pore-size distribution was also determined in the same fragments that had been subjected to the salt extraction routines. Three salt extraction methods were tested: two methods based on diffusion processes (water immersion under stationary conditions and under mechanical stirring conditions) and one method based on both diffusive and advective processes (multiple packages of sepiolite). The obtained experimental data allowed us to identify strengths and weaknesses of the tested procedures with practical spin-off for archaeologists and restorers (efficiency, kinetics, compatibility with the ceramic substrate, costs and simplicity of use). Salt extraction under mechanical stirring was the most effective method and, for this reason, is suitable for laboratory fieldwork during or immediately after submarine archaeological excavations. Similar advantages are also intended for the preliminary treatments of the most precious findings prior to museum storage.     

Regenerated isotropic wood

Construction of sustainable high-performance structural materials is a core part of the key global sustainability goal. Many efforts have been made in this field; however, challenges remain in terms of lowering costs by using all-green basic building blocks and improving mechanical properties to meet the demand of practical applications. Here, we report a robust and efficient bottom-up strategy with micro/nanoscale structure design to regenerate an isotropic wood from natural wood particles as a high-performance sustainable structural material. Regenerated isotropic wood (RGI-wood) exceeds the limitations of the anisotropic and inconsistent mechanical properties of natural wood, having isotropic flexural strength of ∼170 MPa and flexural modulus of ∼10 GPa. RGI-wood also shows superior water resistance and fire retardancy properties to natural pine wood. Mass production of large sized RGI-wood and functional RGI-wood nanocomposites can also be achieved.