How Persuasive Are Health Advertisements in First-Person Shooter Games? Exploring Knowledge-Activation and Thought-Disruption Mechanisms

This study examined whether persuasive health messages embedded in shooter games have broad or targeted effects on players’ willingness to engage in risk behaviors (N = 145). Participants presented with in-game health messages discouraging alcohol-impaired driving of motor vehicles showed reduced willingness to drink alcohol and to operate both motor and nonmotor vehicles, compared to those in a no-message gaming control condition. There were no spillover effects on willingness to smoke cigarettes or marijuana, thus implying targeted persuasive effects. In addition, players experiencing high instead of low cognitive load showed decreased postexperiment willingness to drink and operate nonmotor vehicles, thus suggesting that playing a game under high cognitive load can influence players’ attitudes. The findings replicate previous research and further expand on knowledge-activation and thought-disruption mechanisms underlying the persuasiveness of health messages.     

AGVS中路径规划可行性的简单判别方法

针对AGVS柔性问题研究的现状,为了解决AGVS柔性可行性的判断问题,提出了一种处理因生产任务临时调整而引起的AGVS路线调整的可行性判断方法,并给出了该方法可行的严格证明,仿真实验表明该方法完全可以用于突发情况下的AGVS路线调整的可行性判断,同时该方法可以安排尽可能多的突发任务。该方法简单易行、便于操作。     

论信念在认识活动中的双重作用

信念在人们的认识活动中发挥着双重作用.一方面,信念起到纽带、选择、动力、预测和定向的积极作用;另一方面,它起到僵化、误导和抑制的消极作用.     

The effect of modifiers on the stability of a vinyl acetate/ethylene copolymer dispersion

This paper examines the effect of modifiers on the stability of a vinyl acetate/ethylene copolymer dispersion adhesive upon aging. Eighteen common modifiers were added to a well-characterized vinyl acetate/ethylene copolymer dispersion (Dur-O-Set^® E-150) in known concentrations and dry-film samples were subjected to 16–17 years of dark aging and seven to eight years of light aging. Yellowing, pH, gloss, swelling, cohesive strength, and flexibility were monitored for changes upon aging. Generally, the neat Dur-O-Set^® E-150 (no additives) was found to become acidic on aging, but was fairly resistant to yellowing. It also swelled substantially in toluene, was of high gloss, medium strength, and flexible, and remained so on aging. No modifier was found to improve these properties. Various solvents, wetting agents, and thickeners did not alter the properties by much, while plasticizers, freeze-thaw stabilizer, glycerin, and certain fillers had a more negative effect.     

美国非虚构小说崛起的科技和思想背景

美国非虚构小说在上世纪中期的繁荣具有深厚的科学技术和思想意识根源。科技创新在提升人类认识水平和改善生存环境的同时，也革新了作家的认知观念和创作思想。认识危机的弥漫，怀疑意识的扩散，使作家放弃了虚构、解释和说教的传统，代之以真实事件来表达主题。而对这一段历史的回顾具有双重意义：不但可加深对美国这一重要的学现象的研究，而且给我们提供了洋为中用，以史为鉴的依据，有助于我们探讨国内目前纪实性学的繁荣。     

运动员竞赛焦虑状态的分析

以参加第六届全国农运会田径项目的150名运动员作为研究对象,采用＂运动竞赛状态焦虑量表＂（简称CSAI-2问卷）为测试工具进行调查.结果表明：（1）不同性别的运动员竞赛焦虑状态各维度上不存在显著差异,但女运动员竞赛焦虑状态各因素得分略高于男运动员;（2）不同运动年限的运动员竞赛焦虑状态各维度上存在显著差异,运动年限越长竞赛焦虑状态各因素得分越高;（3）不同专项的运动员竞赛焦虑状态各维度不存在显著差异.     

Linkages between cognitive and social dialogue patterns during collaborative small-group discussions

BackgroundCollaborative small-group discussions have the potential to promote reading comprehension, critical thinking, and argumentation. However, few studies have gone beyond cognitive processes to understand the social characteristics of dialogue and their potential contributions to students’ cognitive processing in turn-by-turn dialogic exchanges.AimsThis study closely examined dialogues between speakers and addressees regarding their levels of cognitive processing (i.e., cognitive dialogue patterns) and social processes reflecting social cohesion (i.e., social dialogue patterns). The aims were to understand, first, the relations between students' cognitive dialogue patterns and their social dialogue patterns, and second, the relations between students' cognitive dialogue patterns and peers’ social dialogue patterns.SampleThis study included 4070 speaking turns generated by 120 fifth-graders in 60 small-group discussions.MethodsStudents participated in small-group discussions, called Collaborative Social Reasoning. Dialogue between pairs of group members formed social networks, based on which Exponential Random Graph Models (ERGMs) were specified.ResultsFindings showed that speakers' social dialogue patterns were associated with their cognitive dialogue patterns. However, receiving social dialogue patterns from peers did not always predict students’ advanced types of cognitive dialogue patterns.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that cognitive and social aspects of small-group discussions are intricately linked, and that encouraging social cohesion does not guarantee that students will engage in collaborative and critical discussions.     

认知建构视角下交互式信息检索模型研究

[目的/意义]信息检索本质上是一个认知过程,研究促进用户认知的交互式信息检索模型具有重要意义。[研究设计/方法]以建构主义理论为指导,以促进用户的认知发展为研究目标,构建了以信息空间层、用户空间层和界面交互层为顶层分析框架的交互式信息检索模型,并开发了原型系统。[结论/发现]实验结果表明原型系统能有效地促进用户对信息空间的探索与挖掘,帮助用户积极主动地进行认知建构,发展认知空间。[创新/价值]将认知建构理论运用于信息检索领域,从交互设计方面对检索系统提出了改进建议,以更好地提供认知支持。     

Adding immersive virtual reality to a science lab simulation causes more presence but less learning

Virtual reality (VR) is predicted to create a paradigm shift in education and training, but there is little empirical evidence of its educational value. The main objectives of this study were to determine the consequences of adding immersive VR to virtual learning simulations, and to investigate whether the principles of multimedia learning generalize to immersive VR. Furthermore, electroencephalogram (EEG) was used to obtain a direct measure of cognitive processing during learning. A sample of 52 university students participated in a 2 × 2 experimental cross-panel design wherein students learned from a science simulation via a desktop display (PC) or a head-mounted display (VR); and the simulations contained on-screen text or on-screen text with narration. Across both text versions, students reported being more present in the VR condition (d = 1.30); but they learned less (d = 0.80), and had significantly higher cognitive load based on the EEG measure (d = 0.59). In spite of its motivating properties (as reflected in presence ratings), learning science in VR may overload and distract the learner (as reflected in EEG measures of cognitive load), resulting in less opportunity to build learning outcomes (as reflected in poorer learning outcome test performance).     

Expertise Reversal Effect and Its Implications for Learner-Tailored Instruction

The interactions between levels of learner prior knowledge and effectiveness of different instructional techniques and procedures have been intensively investigated within a cognitive load framework since mid-90s. This line of research has become known as the expertise reversal effect. Apart from their cognitive load theory-based prediction and explanation, patterns of empirical findings on the effect fit well those in studies of Aptitude Treatment Interactions (ATI) that were originally initiated in mid-60s. This paper reviews recent empirical findings associated with the expertise reversal effect, their interpretation within cognitive load theory, relations to ATI studies, implications for the design of learner-tailored instructional systems, and some recent experimental attempts of implementing these findings into realistic adaptive learning environments.