Understanding Interpersonal Manifestations of “Reverse Discrimination” Through Phenomenological Inquiry

This article reports on a study that explores the ways individuals describe being the targets of ‘reverse discrimination’—times when those traditionally discriminated against turn the tables against majority group members. Using an inductive, phenomenological form of inquiry, the study examines 104 narratives of ‘reverse discrimination’ (based on race, gender, age, and sexual orientation) collected as part of a larger study on uncertainty in oppressive forms of communication. Five essential themes are explicated: (1) being an (innocent) target; (2) discrimination due to cultural norm violations; (3) shifting power dynamics; (4) a case of mistaken identity; and (5) effects of reverse discrimination. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of the study, as well as implications for future research.     

A potential pitfall of integration: The case for identity conflict to facilitate social change

Building on intersectional awareness literature, this paper examines how another individual difference regarding one’s perception of identity intersections — bicultural identity conflict (BII-C)— predicts immigrants’ interpretations of their social environment and general orientation to take action to support immigrants from one’s heritage group (GOA-I). While previous research has shown that BII-C, or perceived conflict (vs. harmony) between multiple cultural identities, is related to negative intergroup outcomes, we extend this research to examine how BII-C relates to social change actions that promote a more equitable society. An experimental study with 165 first- and second-generation immigrants living in the United States found support for a moderated mediation model. BII-C moderated the relationship between discrimination and the degree to which participants attributed discrimination to societal factors. These attributions were associated with GOA-I. Future research should consider additional individual differences, beyond intersectional awareness and BII-C, to see how these orientations may also act as a lens through which people interpret their social environment and are willing to take action to change it.     

Socio-cultural correlates of self-reported experiences of discrimination related to COVID-19 in a culturally diverse sample of Canadian adults

Minorities and marginalized groups have increasingly become the target of discriminatory actions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Detailed information about the manifestation of COVID-related discrimination is required to develop preventive actions that are not stigmatizing for such groups. The present study investigates experiences of perceived discrimination related to COVID-19 and its socio-cultural correlates in a culturally diverse sample of adults in Quebec (Canada). An online survey was completed by 3273 Quebec residents (49 % 18−39 years old; 57 % female; 49 % White). We used multivariate binomial logistic regression models to assess prevalence of COVID-related discrimination and to investigate socio-cultural correlates of reasons and contexts of discrimination. COVID-related discrimination was reported by 16.58 % of participants. Non-white participants, health-care workers and younger participants were more likely to experience discrimination than White, unemployed and older participants, respectively. Discrimination was reported primarily in association with participants’ ethno-cultural group, age, occupation and physical health and in the context of public spaces. Participants of East-Asian descent and essential workers were more likely to report discrimination because of their ethnicity and occupation, respectively. Although young people experienced discrimination across more contexts, older participants were primarily discriminated in the context of grocery stores and because of their age. Our findings indicate that health communication actions informed by a social pedagogy approach should target public beliefs related to the association of COVID-19 with ethnicity, age and occupation, to minimize pandemic-related discrimination. Visible minorities, health-care workers and seniors should be protected and supported, especially in public spaces.     

The psychological impacts of COVID-19 related stressors on Syrian refugees in Turkey: The role of resource loss,discrimination, and social support

COVID-19 does not leave behind refugees. They are disproportionately affected during the current pandemic. The present study aimed to investigate the psychological impacts of COVID-19 related stressors -resource loss and perceived discrimination during the COVID-19 pandemic- on Syrian refugees in Turkey. Further, the buffering role of perceived social support against the detrimental impacts of such stressors was examined.An online cross-sectional study was conducted between September-October 2020. A sample of 345 Syrian refugees in Turkey completed the questions about demographic characteristics, resource loss and perceived discrimination during the pandemic, perceived social support, and depressive and anxiety symptoms. A high level of depressive and anxiety symptoms was reported in our sample. Resource loss and perceived discrimination during the pandemic significantly and positively predicted depressive and anxiety symptoms. Perceived social support acted as a buffer against the detrimental effect of resource loss on mental health. For those with higher perceived social support, resource loss during the pandemic did not significantly predict depressive and anxiety symptoms. The results indicate the detrimental role of COVID-19 related stressors on refugee mental health. Social support is an important protective factor for mental health amidst the pandemic. Our findings highlight the importance of considering the precarious conditions of refugees in all COVID-19 responses and communications.     

纳兰词识小录

虽说诗无达诂．但在诠释古典诗词时也不能望文生义。首先以古今权威辞书作依据,其次要辨析某词义在当时,以前及以后的用法例证,才能诠释的准确,切不可将后人的意思强加给古人,或曲解古人辞义。     

特许经营初探

特许经营作为一种新型营销模式在我国发展迅速，但对其法律规范和认识均不够完善一通过分析特许经营的特点、优势及劣势，对其相关法律问题从准入规范、特许权保护、法律责任三方面进行论述，同时，对特许经营与相近关系，如传销、许可贸易、独家分销、独家代理、连锁商店等进行辨析比较，以澄清认识。     

The Path to Equal Rights in Michigan

The litigant in a historic reverse-discrimination case against the University of Michigan, and subsequently the leader of a Michigan ballot initiative that carried the day against long odds, recounts how her simple call for equal treatment under the law persuaded the people of her state that color-conscious preferences are wrong.     

Why Are Asian Americans Silent? Asian Americans' Negotiation Strategies for Communicative Discriminations

Abstract

This study explores two questions: (1) What types of racially discriminatory messages (RDM) target Asian Americans? (2) What communicative approaches do Asian Americans use to negotiate RDM? An analysis of 176 stories obtained through an online survey revealed seven RDM types (racial slurs, playground teasing, Asian Americans as eternal others, Asians as sexual objects, professional discrimination, Asians are all the same, and alienation within Asian groups). It was found that Asian Americans tend to utilize nonassertive approaches in responding to RDM due to internal/environmental factors including emotional shock and humiliation, a lack of knowledge of proper responses, peer pressure, and strategic intent.     

《古赋辩体》之后的元朝赋论

《古赋辩体》之后的元朝赋论大都深受祝尧“祖骚宗汉”复古思想的影响。不过他们对祝尧所论也多有补益。有的对其未曾涉及的领域有所论述。有的对其偏颇与矛盾之处有所更正。有的还扩大了学习古赋的范围。虽然这些赋论由于缺乏系统性。历来关注较少,但对于元后期辞赋的复古思潮却起了推波助澜的作用。具有独特的价值,可视为对祝尧赋论的补充。