《文心雕龙》视域中的《楚辞》

《文心雕龙·通变》篇认为《楚辞》是文章"从质及讹"的转折点,希望通过"宗经诰"与"变乎骚",达到文章"通"与"变"的平衡。在这一大背景下,刘勰将《楚辞》列入"文之枢纽",并在《辨骚》篇中提出了"倚经驭骚,酌奇存真,玩华保实"的写作原则,把"文"之变纳入可以指导的范围内,《辨骚》篇的宗旨就是指导人们如何"驱辞力"和"穷文致"的。这一写作原则与"正言体要,恶乎异端"的思想密切相关。《风骨》篇与《定势》篇还从不同角度对《辨骚》篇的写作原则进行了补充和丰富。实际上,刘勰就是借《楚辞》来述其运辞之道,这是他解《楚辞》的独特之处。     

Discrimination in grading: A scoping review of studies on teachers’ discrimination in school

Studies on teachers’ grading suggest that school grades depend not only on students’ performance but also on teachers’ bias toward specific social categories. Numerous studies tested the existence of discrimination in grading using different strategies and focusing on multiple students’ characteristics. This study aims to summarise those studies by identifying (1) the methodologies used, (2) the characteristics on which discrimination is based and (3) the empirical results. We conducted a scoping review where studies were selected blindly by the two authors. The initial search was conducted on ERIC, Education Database and PsycInfo and 37 studies were finally identified. A comparison among the included studies suggests that the main strategies used are experiments and regression analysis on the difference between blind and non-blind scores, while gender, race/ethnicity and migration background are the most frequently tested characteristics. Finally, on average studies confirmed the presence of discrimination in grading still with some exceptions and, sometimes, under specific conditions. To conclude, it is challenging to test teachers’ discrimination through grading and to date the methodologies used have some limitations. However, on average, empirical evidence suggests that school grades are affected by teachers’ bias.     

Identifying Communities in Need: Examining the Impact of Acculturation on Perceived Discrimination,Social Support,and Coping amongst Racial Minority Members in the United States

Utilizing a cognitive appraisal approach, this study examines how acculturation affects racial minority members' appraisals of and responses to racial discrimination. Racial minority members (N = 345) completed questionnaires about their prior experiences with racial discrimination and coping responses. Controlling for participants' prior experiences with racial discrimination and primary appraisals, the results revealed that acculturation helped explain individuals' need for social support, support message evaluations, and the pursuit of disengagement coping strategies. Findings from this study provide helpful information for the development of intervention and outreach programs for individuals in our communities who are coping with racial discrimination.     

What Knapsack of Invisible Privileges Do Muslim ESL* University Students Wish to Possess?

Stephanie Vandrick published a piece in the Journal of Language, Identity and Education titled “No ‘Knapsack of Invisible Privilege’ for ESL University Students,” in which she reflected her thoughts on Peggy McIntosh’s groundbreaking list of the invisibly acquired privileges of Whites. Both pieces inspired this article, which brings up an unheard voice: Muslim ESL students who undergo situations that can indicate that public space of some cities in the United States are exclusive to the dominant culture and that any deviations are not welcome.

These days, with terrorist incidents happening in different places around the world and with the presidential executive order of banning Muslims, the situation has worsened. Here, based on my experience, I develop a list of privileges that Muslim ESL university students wish to possess. This article concludes with recommendations that can raise the awareness of educators and instructors who teach or supervise Muslim ESL students to take this issue into consideration.     

我国劳动力市场性别歧视及解决对策

性别歧视是劳动力市场最传统、最普遍、最严重的就业歧视之一。消除性别歧视,维护妇女的平等就业权,对建设社会主义和谐社会具有重要意义。造成性别歧视的原因主要有传统观念的影响、女性对自己性别角色的认同、企业不合理的用人观念以及法律法规的缺陷。要消除各种形式的性别歧视,企业必须改变既有的观念;政府必须制定专门的反就业歧视法规,建立专门机构,完善相关惩罚赔偿制度。     

从苔丝悲剧看妇女解放之路

对于苔丝悲剧的实质,通常的看法是一个社会悲剧。笔者并不否认这种看法,但同时又认为它欠全面、欠深刻,它不能解释资本主义社会以前无数的女性悲剧和此后的现代社会远未绝迹的女性悲剧是何以产生的。苔丝悲剧的实质应该是父权制社会以来就有的男性中心主义为核心内容的性别歧视悲剧、双重性道德悲剧。妇女要获得解放,既要消除男性思想意识中的男性中心主义观念,也要不断地审视、反思与克服女性自身的负面与残缺的东西。     

段玉裁《说文解字注》古今字类析

古今字是汉语发展过程中记录同一语言而用不同符号的文字异体现象。段玉裁《说文解字注》非常注意对古今字的注释。《段注》对所涉及到的古今字作了大量详细辨析说明。段玉裁认为古今字是因时代不同,随时异用而产生的古今字体不同的异体现象。古今字不同于古文、籀文、小篆和隶书由于字体演变而产生的文字异形。     

Cricket bowling deliveries and the discrimination ability of professional and amateur batters

Bowlers in cricket try to disguise their bowling action by movement pattern similarity. The batter’s task is, therefore, to solve rapidly perceptual discrimination problems. Previous research has suggested that batters can discriminate perceptual cues that provide depth or target information. However, at present, there is a lack of applied research evidence on further perceptual cue utilization, including bowling delivery identification. This ability is required when batting against wrist-spin bowlers who may use five different types of delivery. In the present study, we assessed this perceptual discrimination ability among three distinct standards of batters. In addition, the relative potency of body action and ball flight information was assessed by visual occlusion techniques. We found that more expert batters in general showed greater perceptual discrimination skills when faced with different ball types. However, this discrimination ability was linked specifically to delivery type and to previous experience. We also found that additional ball flight information provided no more advantage to this discrimination ability. This finding reinforces the importance of advanced cue information and the need to expose cricket batters to different bowling actions. Further study of the development of movement pattern recognition is recommended.     

On-site variety discrimination of tomato plant using visible-near infrared reflectance spectroscopy

The use of visible-near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was explored as a tool to discriminate two new tomato plant varieties in China (Zheza205 and Zheza207).In this study,82 top-canopy leaves of Zheza205 and 86 top-canopy leaves of Zheza207 were measured in visible-NIR reflectance mode.Discriminant models were developed using principal component analysis (PCA),discriminant analysis (DA),and discriminant partial least squares (DPLS) regression methods.After outliers detection,the samples were randomly split into two sets,one used as a calibration set (n=82) and the remaining samples as a validation set (n=82).When predicting the variety of the samples in validation set,the classification correctness of the DPLS model after optimizing spectral pretreatment was up to 93%.The DPLS model with raw spectra after multiplicative scatter correction and Savitzky-Golay filter smoothing pretreatments had the best satisfactory calibration and prediction abilities (correlation coefficient of calibration (Rc)=0.920,root mean square errors of calibration=0.196,and root mean square errors of prediction=0.216).The results show that visible-NIR spectroscopy might be a suitable alternative tool to discriminate tomato plant varieties on-site.     

利用统计软件SPSS进行试卷质量分析

试卷质量分析是教学中的一项重要任务,也是教学效果检查的重要依据.质量好的试卷才能准确地反映出学校的教学水平和学生的学习效果.本文抽取我校2007级国际贸易专业两个班级共90份<统计学>考卷作为样本,利用统计软件SPSS13.0来分析试卷的质量,重点演示包括数据录入、分析成绩分布、试卷难度、区分度、信度及效度等内容,从而科学地进行试卷质量分析,提高教学质量和效率.