Gender gap in entrepreneurship

Using data on the entire population of businesses registered in the states of California and Massachusetts between 1995 and 2011, we decompose the well-established gender gap in entrepreneurship. We show that female-led ventures are 63 percentage points less likely than male-led ventures to obtain external funding (i.e., venture capital). The most significant portion of the gap (65 percent) stems from gender differences in initial startup orientation, with women being less likely to found ventures that signal growth potential to external investors. However, the residual gap is as much as 35 percent and much of this disparity likely reflects investors’ gendered preferences. Consistent with theories of statistical discrimination, the residual gap diminishes significantly when stronger signals of growth are available to investors for comparable female- and male-led ventures or when focal investors appear to be more sophisticated. Finally, conditional on the reception of external funds (i.e., venture capital), women and men are equally likely to achieve exit outcomes, through IPOs or acquisitions.     

The gender gap in early career transitions in the life sciences

We examined the extent to which and why early career transitions have led to women being underrepresented among faculty in the life sciences. We followed the careers of 6,336 scientists from the post-doctoral fellowship stage to becoming a principal investigator (PI) – a critical transition in the academic life sciences. Using a unique dataset that connects individuals’ National Institutes of Health funding histories to their publication records, we found that a large portion of the overall gender gap in the life sciences emerges at this transition. Women become PIs at a 20% lower rate than men. Differences in “productivity” (publication records) can explain about 60% of this differential. The remaining portion appears to stem from gender differences in the returns to similar publication records, with women receiving less credit for their citations.     

Native American identity work in settler colonial context

In U.S. society, Native Americans face invisibility, stereotypes, discrimination, and structural barriers. In this article, we employ a symbolic interactionist approach, embedded in critical analysis, to explore how this social context impacts the conveyance and interpretation of Native American identity among people who are not Native American. Participants, 213 White American and 104 Native American people, replied to open-ended questions about Native American identity conveyance and interpretation. We employed an inductive thematic approach to analyze their written replies. The majority of Native American participants discussed their identity in the context of limited public knowledge of, and/or oppression faced by, Native Americans. For most Native American participants, this context generated strain and struggle associated with conveyance and interpretation of their identities. Despite this, some Native American participants engaged in identity work to educate others and reduce oppression. Without prompting, some White participants expressed positive attitudes toward Native Americans and their identity revelation. These positive attitudes evidence both hope for social change and problematic fetishization based on romantic stereotypes of Native Americans. We argue that society-wide change is necessary to reduce strain in, and enhance the effectiveness of, identity work by Native American people.     

生物学年龄与运动员生长发育鉴定

运动员生长发育鉴定在运动员科学选材中十分重要,而生物学年龄的鉴定又是运动员生长发育鉴定的关键.本文综合文献与选材工作经验,详细介绍了几种常用的生物学年龄:骨龄与第二性征是目前运动员生长发育鉴定中常用的方法;牙龄在运动员选材中应用较少,主要受技术和方法等条件的限制,需进一步探索,增加应用的可行性;端粒DNA长度、线粒体DNA损伤和DNA甲基化水平等分子生物学方法推断年龄是比较新的方法,在运动员科学选材领域尚未得到验证与应用.最后本文展望了运动员生长发育鉴定中生物学年龄发展的前景.     

Managing organizational reputation in response to a public shaming campaign

Sport has embraced social media, intensifying the (online) coverage of sport organizations and athletes. Until now, the role that social media has played in the renaissance of public shaming in sport has received little attention. To address this gap, the authors present a novel case study of a public, online shaming campaign against an English Premier League football club by one of their own supporters. Data were collected from multiple sources, including online sources and organizational documents that informed both the creation of semi-structured interviews and the development of a process model of public, online shaming. Findings reveal how a supporter query was mishandled by the club. In response, the supporter turned-activist launched a low-scale online shaming campaign about disability discrimination. The campaign escalated in profile to gain national media attention. Within the framework of Online Reputation Management, the authors present the organizational response that sought to bolster the club’s reputation by deploying a series of internal and external responses. The authors conclude that to minimize the potentially negative effects of public shaming in sport, sports organizations should implement specific reputation management practices but ones that monitor online sources for potential issues and crises.     

The conceptualization of racial tasking: Uncovering the (un)intended consequences

Racial tasking focuses on prejudicial attitudes toward racial minorities’ athletic and cognitive abilities, and the subsequent impact on coaching decisions. Lacking, however, is a definitive conceptualization of racial tasking and its theoretical tenets. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to advance the concept by clearly outlining the four essential tenets of racial tasking: (a) positional similarity, (b) racial dissimilarity, (c) interest convergence/task divergence, and (d) capital (dis)accumulation. To this end, the authors introduce and review influential theories and ideologies, with particular application to the sport industry. In doing so, the authors detail the primary tenets of racial tasking, provide examples, and discuss implications to further situate this phenomenon and framework within the sport industry and sport management research.     

Immigrants' generational status affects emotional reactions to informal social control : The role of perceived legitimacy of the source of control

The study explores the emotional reactions and behavioral tendencies of people when they are told that their action deviates from current social norms. Of particular interest is the extent to which these reactions differ depending on the social controller's group membership. First- and second-generation North African immigrants in France (i.e., Maghrebians) were asked to imagine a situation in which they produced a counter-normative act and received disapproval from another Maghrebians immigrant or a member of the host community. They appraised the legitimacy of social control and the perception of being discriminated by this act of social control and rated their emotional and behavioral reaction to social control. First-generation immigrants reported less anger, more moral emotions, and a greater desire to repair their transgression when the social controller was presented as a member of the host society rather than a Maghrebian social controller. The results were reversed for second-generation immigrants. This asymmetry between first- and second-generation immigrants was mainly due to a mediating effect of the perceived legitimacy of social control, whereas perceived discrimination was not a significant mediator. This research demonstrates that the perceived legitimacy of social control based on the ethnic group membership of the social controller has profound effects on emotions and behaviors intended by the deviant.     

农村劳动力歧视现象之省思

目前我国农村劳动力市场歧视现象严重,而其形成原因却复杂多样,主要涉及到历史传统、宏观经济形势、制度及观念因素等。本文分析得出:政府作为一个强大且有威信的行为主体,可以通过取消歧视制度、建立劳动力信息体系和促进经济良性增长等方式,有效减除农村劳动力歧视现象。     

顾颉刚与“古史辨”神话学——纪念《古史辨》出版80周年

以《与钱玄同先生论古史书》（1923年）为起点，顾颉刚所代表的“古史辨”派古史研究和神话学，以“疑古”“辨伪”为思想武器、“古史即神话”为理念，把与古史纠缠为一体的古神话剥离出来。他的“层累的造成的古史观”亦即神话观和“历史演进法”，开了系统地梳理与研究中国古神话（古史传说）的先河，为中国神话学的创立铺设了一块基石，成为中国神话学初创时期西方人类学派神话学之外的又一重要学术渊源和流派。“古史辨”神话学的特点，在神话学研究中被概括为“古史的破坏、神话的还原”。     

楚民族发展过程中的几个特点

楚民族在繁衍发展过程中,体现出了一些与当时中原大国迥异的特点:历史悠久,原始氏族制形态浓厚,民族融合贯穿始终,中原歧视和讨伐挥之不去。这形成了楚民族乃至楚文化独有的风格。