E-mail in government: Not post-bureaucratic but late-bureaucratic organizations

Empirical research provides evidence that electronic communication does not change government agencies into post-bureaucratic organizations. Structuration Theory is used to explore the interaction between e-mail use, communication patterns of civil servants, and two bureaucratic characteristics: formalization and hierarchy. Previous research suggested that the use of e-mail leads to less formalization and less hierarchy, but empirical research in three bureaucratic organizations in the Netherlands leads to different conclusions. First, the use of e-mail leads to informal formalization: the style of communication is more informal but the content focuses less on personal issues and emphasizes efficient recordings of agreements. Second, the use of e-mail leads to hierarchical horizontalization: horizontal contacts take a more central position in bureaucratic organizations but these horizontal contacts are tightly linked to vertical structures. The result of the interaction between e-mail and government bureaucracy is horizontal communication directly linked to vertical structures. Electronic communication turns government agencies into late-bureaucratic organizations.     

试论体育发展的社会心理基础——社会心理因素与时代需求和体育发展的初步研究之一

本文从人类的攻击性、人性的解放、人的基本需要、身心和谐原则和体育活动对人类社会的适应等五方面来分析社会心理因素与体育的关系,阐明了时代需求影响体育发展的社会心理原因,揭示了体育发展的微观社会心理基础.指出体育活动既满足人类的基本需要.又体现了人类的最高理想,反映了人类的本性.符合人类社会的发展趋势,在未来社会中必将进一步发展.同时指出,身心和谐原则是促进和制约体育发展的重要原则.     

对排球运动社会学理论的探讨

章采用献资料法，对作为一种社会现象的排球运动的研究视线投向社会学领域，从其一个世纪的时空领域里的三个维度，即排球化的深度、大众排球的宽度、排球运动社会价值的高度，进行探索研究排球运动中有关社会学的问题。通过阐析表明：排球化、大众排球、社会价值三之间是互相促进、互相关连、互相影响的。其中排球化是促进排球运动发展的社会支撑，大众排球是推动排球运动前进的社会基础，社会价值标志着排球运动的社会效应。     

The Concept of Inclusive Education: Teacher Training and Acquisition of English Language in the Hearing Impaired

Three languages are widely used in schools in Kenya – English, Kiswahili and Kenya Sign Language. Many pupils with hearing impairments are taught separately from the mainstream, in specialist settings. The fact that most of the formal teaching, assessment and examination processes in Kenyan schools rely upon spoken and written English compounds the separation of these pupils from the mainstream of education and, potentially, from the mainstream of society. In this article, Gertrude Wamae, graduate assistant in the Department of English and Linguistics at Kenyatta University, and Rachael Kang'ethe-Kamau, lecturer in the Department of Special Education at Kenyatta University, discuss the relationships between language, hearing impairment and inclusion in the Kenyan context. The article suggests that the use of signed exact English would enhance opportunities for inclusion for those with hearing impairments and that programmes of teacher training need to take account of persuasive research in this area. The article closes with a plea for further research, carried out collaboratively by educationalists, linguists, teacher trainers and practitioners, to develop policies and practices suited to more inclusive futures. The article is based on a paper presented to the International Conference on Inclusive Education run by Maseno University in September 2002.     

老年人健康长寿浅议

在新世纪到来之际 ,我国已进入老龄化社会 ,且老龄化程度将不断提高。促进老年人健康长寿 ,提高老年人的社会价值 ,已成为全社会所要关心和探讨的问题。本文从促进老年人健康长寿的意义 ,老年人健康长寿的标准 ,促进老年人健康长寿的六点建议等三方面 ,论述了老年人健康长寿的问题 ,说明促进老年人健康长寿确是一项重大的社会系统工程     

贵州省少数民族地区小学教师学历大专化现状研究

应用问卷调查法，通过SPSS for Windows 11．5进行统计分析，从地区、身份和学历三个维度研究贵州省少数民族地区小学教师学历大专化进程的态度、提升学历的方式、获得专科文凭的花费和获得学历所需时间四个问题，得出的主要结论是：该地区广大小学教育工作者已接受了小学教师学历大专化的观念，主要通过假期函授方式获得学历，学员获得专科文凭一般需要三年时间，花费3000-4000元。学历和地区是此项研究中最重要的难度。     

席勒——传播政治经济学的批判领袖

传播政治经济学的批判领袖席勒 ,不仅是积极活动型的学者 ,而且是以学术成果影响传播实践的典范。其著作启发推动了国际社会对世界传播秩序的讨论和对新秩序的呼吁 ,其思想和见解影响了一些第三世界国家的传播政策和实践。他影响了世界各国传播政治经济学派的学者 ,也影响了传播政治学研究本身     

海峡两岸体育交流与合作的历史回顾与前景展望

体育作为海峡两岸的经济、文化交流的形式之一，在长期的交流合作中发挥了积极的促进作用。运用文献资料研究、情报搜集、问卷调查和专家访谈等方法，对20余年来海峡两岸体育交流的过程、现状进行回顾与分析，归纳出各个阶段的主要特征；并对其未来的走向与前景进行了客观的分析与展望。     

对城市社区体育依托点的初议

为对我国正在起步的社区体育的基本理论和发展对策进行研讨，本对社区体育的词汇演绎和范围界定；时代背景与发展缘由；以及现阶段城市社区体育的依托点等问题作了初步探讨。     

社会体育道德的伦理学定位及其建设

在对部分国家级社会体育指导员调查的基础上,以马克思主义伦理学为指导,遵循社会体育和道德的发展规律,分析论证了社会体育道德的概念、属性、要素、调整对象等基本理论问题;提出了加强社会体育道德建设应采取的必要举措.