后发企业提高自主创新能力的路径研究——以恒瑞医药为例

在比较后发企业提高自主创新能力各路径之间差异性的基础上,具体探讨后发企业提高自主创新能力时具有的优、劣势;并针对恒瑞医药所采取的路径进行分析,具体从政府和企业两方面提出其进一步提高自主创新能力的对策建议。     

An international comparison of sectoral knowledge bases: persistence and integration in the pharmaceutical industry

This paper builds upon and extends existing studies of scientific and technological specialisation by proposing an analytical framework to compare sectoral knowledge bases across countries. It develops the concepts of knowledge persistence and knowledge integration as the relevant dimensions along which knowledge bases can be compared. Persistence is studied by analysing the evolution of specialisation over time. It hints at the cumulative, path dependent nature of learning processes. Integration is studied by analysing the evolution of specialisation across different typologies of research. It hints at the complex, non-linear interdependencies that link the scientific and technological domains. On the strength of an original database encompassing 630,000 peer-reviewed papers published between 1989 and 1996 in 11 chemistry and pharmacology-related fields across three types of research (i.e. basic, applied and development), it is argued that countries with high degrees of both persistence and integration (e.g. the US in pharmacology) are the most likely sources of useful research results for EU firms’ innovative efforts in the pharmaceutical sector. Also, some doubts are cast on the existence of a European paradox in pharmaceuticals.     

中国制药和生物科技产业研发投入的国际比较:基于全球研发投入2000强企业的实证分析

企业研发投入行为能客观反映企业创新活跃程度,进而反映产业或国家的创新能力。基于欧盟产业研发投入报告所提供的数据,分析制药和生物科技高研发投入企业特征,对比分析中国与美国、日本、韩国、英国、法国、德国和印度7个国家的制药和生物科技企业研发投入的差异。研究发现,中国制药和生物科技企业的研发投入虽然增长迅速,但是制药和生物科技产业依然被美国、日本和欧盟所统治,中国高研发投入企业在制药和生物科技产业覆盖率非常低,在研发投入和研发强度上与美国、日本、韩国、英国、法国和德国等国家还存在巨大差距;同时,在研发投入、研发强度和盈利能力等方面,中国已经全面落后于印度。为了解我国制药和生物科技企业研发投入现状,推进创新型国家建设提供借鉴。     

Market size and innovation: The intermediary role of technology licensing

Previous literature finds that larger downstream markets fuel the innovation of new technologies by incentivizing firms to spend more on R&D. Our evidence shows that larger markets also increase the extent of licensing-based cooperation between upstream innovators and downstream commercializers. This cooperation is valuable because it pools firms’ complementary capabilities. Thus, downstream market expansions could positively impact innovative outcomes even holding R&D expenditures constant. Evidence is drawn from the drug candidate licensing market, exploiting the quasi-experimental variation introduced by the enactment of the Medicare Part D program in 2003. A model for the determination of equilibrium commercialization strategies in Markets for Technology rationalizes our finding. In this framework, cooperation gains are proportional to market size but transaction costs are not. Thus, larger downstream markets foster cooperation by reducing the relative importance of the latter. To better match the empirical context, the model extends the canonical “one technology–one application” framework of related work, to the more general case of “composite technologies,” which may have more than one end-user application.     

Values in motion: anti-counterfeiting measures and the securitization of pharmaceutical flows

ABSTRACT

The past decade has seen an increase in anti-counterfeiting practices, especially in the pharmaceutical field. These practices aim at reducing the number of bad medicines available on the market, especially in countries where pharmaceutical regulation is still weak. But they have been accused of serving the interests of Big Pharma by reinforcing intellectual property instead of promoting better quality medicines. Based on a study of the controversies provoked by anti-counterfeiting laws and devices, this paper analyses anti-counterfeiting politics and shows: (a) the aim of this mode of government is to discriminate between medicines in order to regulate the value attached to distribution processes and (b) the tensions and contradictions which characterize anti-counterfeiting discourses and practices. As such, a central characteristic of pharmaceutical markets is the shift of value conflicts towards circulation and distribution rather than production. The securitization of pharmaceutical flows, rather than being in addition to the production of pharmaceuticals, emerges as a new disputed way of producing economic value, legality and social legitimacy for globalized technical commodities such as medicines.     

上海医界春秋社的成立及主要活动

上海医界春秋社是我国近代中医史上著名的中医学术团体之一,先后创办了《医界春秋》、中国医药书局、中国制药社和上海国医讲习所,历时长达11年,是中医近代史上持续时间较长,活动范围较广,有着重大社会影响的中医社团。