Developing a shared cluster construct of instructional leadership in TALIS

In the Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS), instructional leadership is measured by the self-reports of principals on three items only. When this measure is investigated together with teacher satisfaction with current work environment, no significant associations were found in the Nordic countries participating in the TALIS 2013 round. This paper argues that a potential reason for this might be the severely underrepresented construct of instructional leadership. As an alternative approach, teacher data from the same study are used to establish two important dimensions of instructional leadership at the school level: 1) managing the instructional program and 2) developing the school learning climate. Applying multilevel structural equation modelling (MSEM), we establish two shared cluster constructs at the school level and observe significant modest relationships between these constructs and teacher job satisfaction with current work environment. The paper brings to our attention the different approaches for interpreting, exploring, and making sense of instructional leadership in international large-scale studies, such as TALIS, from the joint perspective of teachers.     

The two faces of political science studies—junior and senior students’ thoughts about their education and their future profession

The article reports on an empirical small scaled interview study among junior and senior students in the political science programme in a Swedish University. The aim is to describe how students at various stages of their studies conceive of their education as well as their future professional life. Questions about their identity as students have also been posed. The results indicate that a programme with a major emphasis on political science appears to have two different faces as experienced by the students. The first half of the programme is experienced as traditional liberal arts studies, i.e., the students enrol in a ‘personal bildung project’ and conceive of political scientists as a kind of watchdog for democracy. Students in the latter part of their studies report an emerging identity as investigators and civil servants and an appreciation of the parts of the studies that enhance their generic skills.     

Selecting learning tasks: Effects of adaptation and shared control on learning efficiency and task involvement

Complex skill acquisition by performing authentic learning tasks is constrained by limited working memory capacity [Baddeley, A. D. (1992). Working memory. Science, 255, 556–559]. To prevent cognitive overload, task difficulty and support of each newly selected learning task can be adapted to the learner’s competence level and perceived task load, either by some external agent, the learner herself, or both. Health sciences students (N = 55) participated in a study using a 2 × 2 factorial design with the factors adaptation (present or absent) and control over task-selection (program control or shared control). As hypothesized, adaptation led to more efficient learning; that is, higher learning outcomes combined with less effort invested in performing the learning tasks. Shared control over task-selection led to higher task involvement, that is, higher learning outcomes combined with more effort directly invested in learning. Adaptation also produced greater task involvement.     

Knowledge transfer processes in IT outsourcing relationships and their impact on shared knowledge and outsourcing performance

What is the impact of specific knowledge-transfer processes on the level of shared knowledge and, in turn, on outsourcing performance in outsourcing relationships? Drawing on a series of case studies covering IT providers and banks, we investigate several applied knowledge-transfer processes dedicated to the transfer of explicit or tacit knowledge between outsourcing banks and their providers. We examine the differential influence of various types of knowledge transfer on shared knowledge between the parties and on the resulting outsourcing performance. Results depict the differential impact of various knowledge-transfer processes dedicated to the transfer of explicit, or tacit knowledge, respectively, on the development of shared knowledge. Interestingly, the combination of both knowledge-transfer processes dedicated to the transfer of explicit knowledge and those dedicated to the transfer of tacit knowledge proves to be most effective. Furthermore the results indicate that high levels of shared knowledge positively influence outsourcing performance. In addition to previous literature, we found transfer processes for explicit knowledge in an outsourcing context to consist of two dimensions: The content dimension, primarily focused on in literature, and the sender–receiver dimension of transfer processes which are rarely addressed in outsourcing literature. The content dimension embraces mechanisms such as trainings, SLAs and standards that define how content has to be interpreted, whereas the sender–receiver dimension of transfer processes of explicit knowledge defines explicit, documented interaction structures between parties.     

双语大脑词库表征模式的探究

双语大脑词库的表征模式是共同表征还是独立表征,母语和二语词库的语义连接模式是怎样的,以及二语词库提取的语义表征和语音表征模型是大脑词库研究的中心问题。本文通过回顾大脑词库研究的相关理论,认为大脑词库的研究必须考虑双语词库的发展过程,以科学的研究方法探索大脑词库的存储和提取机制。     

高校共同治理及其对完善中国特色现代大学制度的启示 大规模学生评估的影响力与重要性： 现状与趋势

调整、改革和完善高等院校的治理结构是完善中国特色现代大学制度的难点,也是关键。美国高等院校治理的模式对美国高等教育的成功发挥了举足轻重的作用,也在国际上享有很高的声誉。本文旨在介绍高等院校共同治理的理念,描述董事会、校长和教授三方在共同治理中的协作与分工,分析美国大学共同治理实践中的一些问题,并探讨美国共同治理的经验对完善中国特色现代大学制度的启示。     

ERP实施中财务共享服务中心问题探讨——以鲁商集团为例

财务共享服务中心（Finance Shared Service Center）是近年来出现并流行起来的会计和报告业务管理方式,是企业集中式管理模式在财务管理上的最新应用,其目的在于通过一种有效的运作模式来降低成本、提高财务管理水平及效率,增强企业整合能力,提升核心竞争力。以鲁商集团在ERP实施中财务共享服务中心建设为例,对相关问题进行探讨,希望能对其他企业提供借鉴。     

Dominance in the prototyping phase—The case of hydrogen passenger cars

The notion of dominant designs refers to dominance in the market, hence the literature on dominant designs ignores the selection process that already takes place in pre-market R&D stages of technological innovation. In this paper we address the question to what extent pre-market selection takes place within an industry and how this may lead to dominance of one design over others before the market comes into play. Furthermore we study what selection criteria apply in the absence of actual market criteria. We do so through a historical analysis of design paths for hydrogen passenger cars.We argue that prototypes are used by firms in their internal search process towards new designs and at the same time as means of communicating technological expectations to competitors and outsiders. In both senses, prototypes can be taken as indicators of design paths in the ongoing search process of an industry.We analyzed the designs of prototypes of hydrogen passenger cars from the 1970s till 2008. A database is compiled of 224 prototypes of hydrogen passenger cars, listing the car's manufacturer, year of construction, hydrogen conversion technology, fuel cell type, and capacity of its hydrogen storage system. The analysis shows to what extent one design gained dominance and which strategies were adopted by the firms in their search processes.We conclude that indeed a dominant prototyping design has emerged: the fuel cell combined with high pressure gaseous storage. Actual and expected performance acted as selection criterion, but so did regulation and strategic behaviour of the firms. Especially imitation dynamics, with industry leaders and followers, is a major explanatory factor. Our main theoretical claim is that the selection of a dominant prototyping design is based on an interaction of sets of expectations about future performance of technological components and regulatory pressure that results in herding behaviour of the firms.     

奇迹蕴涵的审美期待——《哈利·波特》成功探究

充满魔幻色彩的《哈利·波特》系列无疑是当代文坛的一大奇迹,其影响远远超越了儿童文学的范畴,形成旷日持久的“哈利波特热”和令人瞩目的“哈利波特现象”。是什么成就了这一文坛神话？它蕴涵着现代人怎样的阅读期待和娱乐心态？通过梳理和故事的解读,从情节的离奇曲折、英雄的现代阐释、隐含悲剧意识的凸显等方面入手,对此作理性评析和深度探索。     

Leadership to build a democratic community within school: a case study of two Korean high schools

This article aims to explore how democratic community is manifest in schools in Korea. It also tries to examine how leadership, specifically transformational leadership, functions in shaping a democratic community within a school. Toward this aim, we have conducted a case study of two religious high schools in Korea. Based on the findings from the schools, we have discussed five aspects related to democratic community and transformational leadership. When school principals’ leadership has transformational characteristics and consistency over the years, the leaders’ mission and vision become shared values among the school members. The shared vision and cultural values make democratic systems work effectively. This article includes implications for educational policy and practice.