Low expectations equal no expectations: Aspirations,motivation, and achievement in secondary school

Underachievement and failure to complete school have long-term negative consequences for students. Aspirations regarding completion of secondary school that predict achievement outcomes are related to factors amenable to intervention. This study investigates relationships between academic achievement and self-reported educational aspirations, motivation, affiliation with peers and teachers, and attributions. Survey participants were 5369 Year 10 and Year 11 students at 19 nationally representative secondary schools in New Zealand, and available achievement records were sourced for 2439 Year 11 students. Survey data were factor analyzed followed by further examination of relationships across demographic factors, self-reported aspirations, motivational factors (Doing My Best and Doing Just Enough), attributions, and interpersonal affiliations (Teacher and Peer). For Year 11 students, relationships between different factors and subsequent achievement were also analyzed. Students who indicated no aspiration to complete a school qualification were indistinguishable from those with low or moderate aspirations, and the analyses supported only two divergent groups comprising students with either low or high aspirations to complete qualifications. Aspirations were significantly related to different patterns of motivation, affiliation, and attributions predictive of academic achievement. Students of different ethnicity and gender also fell unequally across the two groups. These results suggest that promoting low or even moderate expectations and aspirations for student achievement may actually reinforce lower academic achievement. Instead, teachers and schools should communicate high expectations to prevent school failure and effective interventions to enhance student outcomes.     

对体育教学内容的情感化处理策略研究

体育教学内容(即体育课教材内容)是体育教学活动的基本要素之一。根据不同情绪发生的心理机制将体育教学内容作情感化处理的策略分两类:第一类是心理匹配策略,包括认知匹配策略和形式匹配策略;第二类是超出预期策略。     

“来苏”与苏轼

全国地名中,有很多以“来苏”命名的。关于来苏的意义,自古以来说法不一。直至今日,很多以“来苏”命名的地方,多冠以苏轼游历过而得名。其实,这种解释过于牵强附会。在考证全国范围内,“来苏”地名的不同解释的基础上,考证苏轼平生游历各地的记载,最后得出来苏的本意是寄托人们一种美好的祝愿和企盼,后来才有“苏轼游历于此”的解释。但这种解释不仅仅是一种附会,更多的是表达一种对苏氏兄弟的敬仰与爱戴。     

关于书生之家数字图书馆资源数字化共享加工服务工程方案的探析

“书生之家数字图书馆资源数字化共享加工服务工程”在2000 年已经收录和2001 年计划收录50000 多种当年出版新书的基础上, 共享定制加工1980 年到1999 年20 年出版的18 万种精品图书, 从而保证书生之家数字图书馆资源的完整性和实用性。     

Knowledge transfer processes in IT outsourcing relationships and their impact on shared knowledge and outsourcing performance

What is the impact of specific knowledge-transfer processes on the level of shared knowledge and, in turn, on outsourcing performance in outsourcing relationships? Drawing on a series of case studies covering IT providers and banks, we investigate several applied knowledge-transfer processes dedicated to the transfer of explicit or tacit knowledge between outsourcing banks and their providers. We examine the differential influence of various types of knowledge transfer on shared knowledge between the parties and on the resulting outsourcing performance. Results depict the differential impact of various knowledge-transfer processes dedicated to the transfer of explicit, or tacit knowledge, respectively, on the development of shared knowledge. Interestingly, the combination of both knowledge-transfer processes dedicated to the transfer of explicit knowledge and those dedicated to the transfer of tacit knowledge proves to be most effective. Furthermore the results indicate that high levels of shared knowledge positively influence outsourcing performance. In addition to previous literature, we found transfer processes for explicit knowledge in an outsourcing context to consist of two dimensions: The content dimension, primarily focused on in literature, and the sender–receiver dimension of transfer processes which are rarely addressed in outsourcing literature. The content dimension embraces mechanisms such as trainings, SLAs and standards that define how content has to be interpreted, whereas the sender–receiver dimension of transfer processes of explicit knowledge defines explicit, documented interaction structures between parties.     

An ethnographic study of the friendship patterns of international students in England: An attempt to recreate home through conational interaction

This paper reports findings from an ethnographic study into the adjustment experience of a group of postgraduate international students at a university in the South of England. Friendship emerged as a major theme in this study; of particular importance to students was the desire and need to mix with conational friends. This desire was driven by the urge to obtain the comfort offered by shared language, shared heritage and access to instrumental support. It was also informed by fear of discrimination and compounded by an absence of host contact which was a source of deep disillusionment for students. The negative impact of segregated friendship groups on the improvement of linguistic and cultural knowledge was understood, but only a handful of students broke away from the confines of the monoethnic ghetto.     

全纯函数与其微分多项式分担函数的正规性

研究全纯函数与其微分多项式分担函数,得到了如下的正规定则：设F是区域D内的全纯函数族,k是一正整数,h1（z）,h2（z）在区域D内的解析,满足｜h1（z）｜2＋｜h2（z）｜2≠0。若f∈F,f的零点重级至少为k,且f（z）=0｜f（k）（z）｜≤M（常数M〉0）,（z）=αi（z）L（Z）=αi（z）,i=1,2,其中L（z）=f∞（z）＋α1（z）f（k-1）（z）＋…＋αk（z）f（z）为f的微分多项式,αi（z）（i=1,2,…,k,k≥1）在D内解析,那么F在D内正规。     

对建筑物区分所有权若干问题的思考

建筑物区分所有权是一种新型的不动产物权,它是专有权和共有权的总称。我国应加快建筑物区分所有权立法,并应采取“民法典 住宅法”的立法模式。     

‘I just want to be me when I am exercising’: Adrianna's construction of a vulnerable exercise identity

This study explores the social and dynamic aspects of the concept ‘exercise identity’. Previous research, mainly in psychology, has documented a link between exercise identity and exercise behaviour. However, the process of identity formation is not straightforward but rather something that can change with time, context and interaction with others. Subsequently, the present work is informed by a social constructivist approach that views exercise identity as a social product and the formation of it as a social process. Our case study of ‘Adrianna’ examined through a biographical narrative analysis how such an identity may be constructed through interaction and over the life course. Three themes were identified; Adrianna's relationship to (1) significant others, (2) her body and (3) sociocultural norms and expectations. Reflecting this fluidity of exercise identities, we suggest the alternative concept ‘vulnerable exercise identity’ to better understand the subtler dynamics of exercise identity formation and development. Adrianna's case is presented as a ‘recognizable story’, representative of the struggle many people face when trying to become more physically active in contemporary western societies.     

基于共享调节的社会性阅读：概念模型及解释

当前无论是理论还是实践层面,越来越多的研究开始突破传统阅读的“简单模型”假设,基于问题解决的阅读或有目的的阅读成为重要的研究视角。随着技术的发展,以读者为核心,强调分享、互动、传播的社会性阅读的兴起,使得原有的理论模型面临挑战。将共享调节引入社会性阅读,有助于拓展基于问题解决的阅读的理论视角,构建基于共享调节的社会性阅读的概念模型。这一模型的核心观点是,在具体的阅读活动之前,需要形成个人和群体层面的二阶段心智模型:即情境模型和任务模型。该模型还可以进一步衍生出新的研究假设,构建阅读支架及支持系统,并进行相应的课堂实践。以一门本科课程的阅读活动为解释案例,对该概念模型进行阐释和应用的结果表明,基于共享调节的社会性阅读可以帮助学生提取原先容易被忽略的物理及社会情境因素,形成小组阅读目标和阅读计划,支架及协作工具也有助于社会性阅读过程中的任务理解、计划、监控和调节。这一研究有助于完善新媒体环境下有目的的阅读理论,揭示社会性阅读过程中共享情境和任务形成的影响因素及动态发展过程,也可以为课堂社会性阅读提供可操作的应用模式。