The Development of Social Media and its Impact on the Intercultural Exchange of the Olympic Movement, 2004–2012

Abstract

The development of social media, in the form of Internet and mobile platforms, has rapidly flourished in the early twenty-first century. The changes in broadcasting forms of the first three Olympic Games of the twenty-first century, Athens 2004, Beijing 2008 and London 2012, have corresponded and reflected the speedy expansion of this social media. This phenomenon invites not only attention to the historical transformation of the roles of media for the Olympic Games but also reflection on the concept of culture and intercultural exchange based on this phenomenon. This paper studies the relationships between social media, cultural exchange and the Olympic Games in the context of globalization. It argues that the characteristics of social media as ‘participation; openness; conversation; communities; connectedness’ will meet up with the goal of the Olympic Movement and aid the realization of the Olympic Ideal.     

社会转型加速期加强城市社区建设的意义

目前我国正处于社会转型加速期，在这一时期社会生活的各个方面，包括人们的劳动方式，生活方式，价值观念等都发生了深刻变化，带来了一系列问题，这在我国的城市社会尤为明显，加强城市社区建设将有助于解决社会转型过程中出现的某些问题，本文对此作以探讨。     

Social Inclusion – Social Exclusion: Physical Exercise as Means Between Strengthening Individuals and Integration into Collectivities

Abstract

Physical exercise, beyond the mere physical aspect, is very much a social construct. But it is as well a means of constructing the social and as such it can be used in different ways. The contribution, taking a broad comparative perspective, will reflect on two major possibilities: the one may be called social inclusion as subordination and the other can be looked at as a matter of social inclusion by strengthening individuals. This also allows an understanding of new dangers of exclusion in the era of liquid modernity.     

我国青年编辑职业认同研究

从职业价值观、角色价值观、职业归属感、积极团结度和职业行为倾向5个维度对我国青年编辑职业认同度进行探究,分析其原因,并找出提升职业认同度的途径和方法。     

诚信如节,市场和谐——社会主义市场经济下的诚信精神

诚信精神是基本道德规范,是社会主义市场经济有序运行的重要条件。必须大力培育诚信精神     

和谐社会视野下的企业社会责任标准SA8000

SA8000是全球第一个可用于第三方认证的企业社会责任国际标准,是国际社会责任运动的产物。SA8000旨在通过有道德的采购活动,改善全球劳工的工作条件,体现了对劳工权益的保护。在构建社会主义和谐社会的大背景下,针对我国目前劳工权益法律保护比较薄弱的现状,推行SA8000可以有效地协调劳资双方的关系,推动和谐劳动关系的形成与发展,从而促进社会主义和谐社会目标的实现。     

Exposing the dark side,an exploration of the influence social capital has upon parental sports volunteers

This study explored the influence social capital had over parental sports volunteers who are considered to be of paramount importance in the delivery of UK sports initiatives. A review of the relevant literature identifies and discusses the complexities within the debate to define social capital while human and cultural capital emerge as an essential element in the production of parental volunteers’ ability to access opportunities through a process of bonding or bridging social networks. This study used a grounded research focused on the use of semi-structured interviews and research diaries with (n = 8) study participants. The results from this study, which were analysed through a Bourdieuan perspective, suggested the process that recruits parental volunteers is exclusive; furthermore, the results show the insidious presences of the dark side of social capital, which affected the respondents by reinforcing exclusive ties and identities, which was found to exclude outsiders while reproducing a dominant social hierarchy. The paper concludes by considering the implications of the study for future practical and academic applications of social capital production within sports volunteerism.     

Communicating via photographs: A gendered analysis of Olympic athletes’ visual self-presentation on Instagram

The purpose of this study was to examine Olympic athletes’ self-presentation on Instagram, a social media outlet on which users post photographs as their primary communication mechanism, in order to develop an understanding of the ways in which athletes use this medium as a communication and marketing tool to build their personal brand. Additionally, this research sought to understand whether differences existed between the utilisation of Instagram by male and female athletes. Drawing on Goffman's (1959) theory of self-presentation, this study examined eight purposively selected Olympic athletes’ Instagram photos. Findings revealed similarities to previous research on athletes’ use of written social media outlets such as Facebook and Twitter, as the majority of photos posted by athletes were personal in nature, thus reflecting backstage performance strategies according to self-presentation theory. The results indicated that female athletes were more likely to share photos of themselves and photos taken in private settings, but male athletes who posted a wider variety of photos encouraged greater engagement from their followers. Personal brand management implications for athletes and sport organisations are examined in greater detail in the discussion.     

“Sport for Development” in developing countries: The case of the Vilas Olímpicas do Rio de Janeiro

The benefits of sport for general social outcomes has permeated sport policy in Brazil since the beginning of the twentieth century, but recently the jargon of “development through sport” is more overtly informing public policy and government action in this field. Despite increased uptake of the positive discourse of “sport as a development tool”, the reality for government-funded and -run “sport for development” programs is one far removed from enjoying the attention and financial investment needed to reach their stated development goals. This paper focuses on one such program: the Vilas Olímpicas do Rio de Janeiro. When analysing the specific matters associated with the management of this program three themes were identified that encapsulate the main issues that emerged during the analysis: partnerships, conflicting aims, and community involvement. These themes are analysed in light of the literature that discusses the application of “sport for development” programs worldwide and we conclude with some questions on the applicability of well-defined frameworks and approaches to such programs when these programs themselves tend to operate in very ill-defined and unstable environments.     

美国高等教育中多元理念及其实践——基于俄亥俄州立大学的课程观察与思考

美国正迎来非同寻常的"后千禧一代":族裔最为多元化,受教育程度创历史最高。高等教育如何形塑新一代大学生的价值观,关乎整个社会的走向与未来。俄亥俄州立大学的课程设置和教育理念是对全球化与多元化社会的积极回应:人文通识课程教导学生审思国家特性,形塑学生的身份认同,正视"政治正确"与多元理念之间的困惑;系统研习移民社会史,使学生理解文化多元与社会融入议题;以"全球学习项目"构建学生的世界知识谱系,培养跨文化沟通与全球合作能力。美国高等教育面临的挑战实质上是主张多元文化思潮与捍卫西方正统文明之间的论争,认知并承认世界的多元性,才能建立一个有尊严而包容的社会。