Computer-Supported Argument Maps as a Policy Memory

This article investigates to what extent computer-supported argument visualization can be designed to encourage debate and deliberation by citizens on public issues. Such argument maps use icons and arrows to represent the structure of a series of related viewpoints, reducing the amount of text necessary to convey the ideas, thereby clarifying the issue under consideration. Argument maps have the potential to provide a readily accessible medium by which citizens can follow and join in public debates on policy issues. In this article we describe our approach and the type of maps we have chosen to use and then demonstrate the potential of a collection of maps to form a “policy memory” to support policy development. Our case study is the development of the “smoking in public places” policy in the Scottish Parliament. Our overall aim is to engage citizens in democratic decision making, leading to better policymaking and a more engaged citizenry.     

关于古汉语“为动用法”的再认识

与“为动用法”相关的名目有“两多说”(多动、多宾)、“介动用法”说和取消说。“两多说”的致命弱点在于只满足于归纳繁多的名目，违背了语法学的概括性原则，受到“介动用法”说和取消说的共同批评。而“介动用法”说与“使动用法”“意动用法”很难构成“鼎足三分”关系，且其语例中阑入了其他语言现象。在适当的范围里，“介动用法”中的介词，可以集中到一个介词“为”上。“为动用法”有其自身的优势，它将成为经过人们的一番探索、对相关语言现象的认识得以深化之后新的落脚点，并将得到更为广泛的认同。