Frictions that activate change: dynamics of global to local non-governmental organizations for female education and empowerment in China,India, and Pakistan*

This article examines how non-governmental organizations create resources and spaces for girls and women’s education and empowerment in China, India and Pakistan – in the context of global expectations and local state relations as well as cultural norms. We examine the dynamics that foster female empowerment associated with educational attainment. Analysis showed that the five NGO’s responses to enabling and constraining local needs and demands gave rise to productive friction that activated positive development. We conclude that engaging local individuals as managers, teachers or facilitators who can negotiate with international actors and with the state is an effective foundation for maintaining a balance between being accountable to local contingencies and norms and to global social justice principles of the projects. These models indicated that “effective scale” might better be defined as a collaboration between the local and global, rather than “scaling up” in size.

International NGO partnerships with several of state organizations and local leadership can be a catalyst for fundamental change, subject to dynamic engagement with productive friction that activates educational empowerment and social change.     

Kulturelle Vielfalt als Herausforderung für p?dagogische Organisationen

Zusammenfassung Kulturelle Vielfalt fordert nicht nur die p?dagogischen Organisationen, sondern auch deren empirische Erforschung und theoretische Konzeptionalisierung heraus. Zwei Forschungsans?tze k?nnen idealtypisch unterschieden werden: Steht im ersten Ansatz die Kultur der Organisation im Vordergrund des Interesses, begreift der zweite Ansatz Kultur nur als Konstrukt der Organisation, mit der diese bisweilen ihre eigenen Operationen legitimiert. Da beide Ans?tze dazu tendieren, entweder nur die Organisation oder nur deren Kultur zu erforschen, wird ein dritter Ansatz vorgeschlagen, der einen systematischen Zusammenhang zwischen Kultur und Organisation knüpft: Die Kulturen bzw. Milieus der Organisationsmitglieder ragen — vermittelt über das Unterleben der Organisation, den praktischen Umgang mit ihren formalen Regeln und über Entscheidungen — in die Organisation hinein, innerhalb derer zudem — in der praktischen Anwendung formaler Regeln — neue Organisationsmilieus entstehen. Dass somit Organisationen nicht nur von au?en mit kultureller Vielfalt konfrontiert werden, sondern diese auch in sich bergen, ist für die empirische Erforschung und Evaluation von hoher Bedeutung.      

组织小组合作学习,促进学生自主学习

在大学英语教学中,如何提高学生的学习自主性是广大教师思考和研究的重要课题。本文作者通过组织学生课外合作学习,探讨了促进学生自主学习的理论依据、操作步骤及实施运作方法。合作学习,既有利于提高学生英语应用能力,又能培养学生团队精神和责任感。     

利用校园网深化高校图书馆信息服务工作

在分析高校图书馆所面临的校园网环境的基础上 ,探讨了高校图书馆如何以校园网为依托深化图书馆信息服务。     

(2+1)维非线性薛定谔方程的线畸形波及其传播特性

采用一个通用的理论,即用相似变换的方法,研究构建了(2+1)维非线性薛定谔方程的精确畸形波解,并进一步讨论了一阶、二阶光学畸形波的传输特性,我们提出的线畸形波概念在理论和应用方面都具有启迪价值.     

Travel Report: Kosovo and Macedonia,April 9–20, 2012

The author, the Library of Congress librarian responsible for Albanian materials, describes a trip he and a fellow staff member made to Kosovo and Macedonia in April 2012. The trip was funded by the US Department of State, and the two gave lectures on library-related topics.     

伦敦奥运会男子20km竞走运动员的战术节奏分析

通过对伦敦奥运会男子20km竞走运动员的战术节奏分析,对运动成绩的影响采用观看录像、文献资料调研、比较分析法、逻辑分析法及数理统计等研究方法,对参加伦敦奥运会男子20km竞走的个人最好成绩在1∶20∶00之内,或本次比赛前8名的共计17名运动员的战术节奏系统分析发现:17名运动员表现出的战术节奏与专项需要的匀速节奏不完全一致;前8名运动员全程速度节奏都以变换节奏为主,但他们途中变换节奏的距离、方式和速度存在差异性,运动员最后速度大幅度下滑的距离也不同;17名运动员的位置节奏表现为交替型.所以说变换节奏对竞走运动员的运动成绩有重要影响,而中国竞走队更依赖于团队协作.     

Shaping Bodies Shaping Minds: Selim Sırrı Tarcan and the Origins of Modern Physical Education in Turkey

This article discusses the role of Selim S?rr? Tarcan in the emergence of physical education in Turkey, which was an important component of the modernisation project of the Republic. Selim S?rr? Tarcan was a devoted moderniser who contributed to this process with his works and ideas in the field of physical education, a political project for the creation of strong and healthy citizens of the newly established nation-state. To analyse his contribution, we first establish the longer historical context that allows us to understand the development of modern education as a tool for shaping young generations. Second, we will focus on portions of Selim S?rr? Tarcan's biography for understanding the emergence of modern physical education and conclude by analysing his contributions to develop the archetype of healthy young citizens through modern physical education.     

The effect of constant-intensity endurance training and high-intensity interval training on aerobic and anaerobic parameters in youth

ABSTRACT

Introduction: High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Constant-Intensity Endurance Training (CIET) improves peak oxygen uptake (V?O₂) similarly in adults; but in children this remains unclear, as does the influence of maturity. Methods: Thirty-seven boys formed three groups: HIIT (football; n = 14; 14.3 ± 3.1 years), CIET (distance runners; n = 12; 13.1 ± 2.5 years) and a control (CON) group (n = 11; 13.7 ± 3.2 years). Peak V?O₂ and gas exchange threshold (GET) were determined from a ramp test and anaerobic performance using a 30 m sprint pre-and-post a three-month training cycle. Results: The HIIT groups peak V?O₂ was significantly higher than the CON group pre (peak V?O₂: 2.54 ± 0.63 l·min^-1 vs 2.03 ± 0.53 l·min^-1, d = 0.88; GET: 1.41 ± 0.26 l·min^-1 vs 1.13 ± 0.29 l·min^-1, d = 1.02) and post-training (peak V?O₂: 2.63 ± 0.73 l·min^-1 vs 2.08 ± 0.64 l·min^-1, d = 0.80; GET: 1.32 ± 0.33 l·min^-1 vs 1.15 ± 0.38 l·min^-1, d = 0.48). All groups showed a similar magnitude of change during the training (p > 0.05). Conclusion: HIIT was not superior to CIET for improving aerobic or anaerobic parameters in adolescents. Secondly, pre- and post-pubertal participants demonstrated similar trainability.     

Effects of endurance and high-intensity swimming exercise on the redox status of adolescent male and female swimmers

Abstract

Throughout adolescence, swimmers begin to carry out demanding endurance and high-intensity training sets, the effect of which on redox status is largely unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of 2000-m continuous swimming and 6 × 50-m maximal swimming on the redox status of adolescent swimmers. Fifteen male and 15 female swimmers, aged 14–18 years, provided blood samples before, immediately after, 1 h after, and 24 h after each exercise for the determination of redox status parameters. Oxidative damage was short-lived and manifest as increases in 8-hydroxy-2?-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) 1 h after high-intensity exercise (39%, P < 0.001) and in malondialdehyde immediately after both exercises (65%, P < 0.001). Alterations in antioxidant parameters were sustained during recovery: reduced glutathione decreased 24 h post-exercise (11%, P = 0.001), uric acid increased gradually after high-intensity exercise (29%, P < 0.001) and bilirubin peaked 24 h post-exercise (29%, P < 0.001). Males had higher 8-OHdG (49%, P = 0.001) and uric acid (29%, P < 0.001) concentrations than females. However, females showed higher values of malondialdehyde than males immediately post-exercise (30%, P = 0.039), despite lower pre-exercise values. In conclusion, both endurance and high-intensity exercise perturbed the redox balance without inducing prolonged oxidative damage in trained adolescent male and female swimmers. These swimming training trials were not found to be detrimental to the redox homeostasis of adolescents.