学界有关艾滋病传播研究的回顾——以人文社会科学的视角为例

学界从人文社会科学视角关于艾滋病传播的研究,肇始于上个世纪90年代末期。在10多年的研究过程中,学界取得了丰富的成果,回顾和总结这些研究成果,对以后从人文社会科学视角对艾滋病传播的深入研究起到积极意义。学界的研究成果可归类为艾滋病传播的社会学、文化人类学综论;艾滋病传播的文化人类学、社会学应用研究;艾滋病传播与社会性别研究;艾滋病传播与相关法律、政策研究;艾滋病传播与道德化研究等五个方面。     

“Let’s not leave this problem”: exploring inclusive education in rural South Africa

Inclusive education represents a new agenda for educational reform that spans a wide range of socio-political, cultural, ethical, personal and interpersonal dimensions. Working towards educational inclusion demands commitments, responsibilities and initiatives on the part of all parties to take into consideration the meanings and purpose of education and social justice, to engage and take collective actions in their struggle to combat the diverse forms of educational and social exclusion. This paper presents an educational initiative to implement inclusive education in rural KwaZulu-Natal, an area of South Africa that is most seriously affected by the pandemic of HIV and AIDS. Through the implementation of participatory video-making projects in two schools, the authors seek to empower the voices and actions of teachers in an effort to cope with the problems of poverty and marginalization facing many children. The outcomes of this type of participatory work with teachers have implications for the policy-making process, which in turn, could change the ways educational policy research is structured and implemented.

民族地区高校大学生艾滋病相关知识调查分析

目的:了解民族地区高校大学生对艾滋病相关知识的掌握情况,为探索和推广可行的健康教育和行为干预提供科学依据.方法:采用整群抽样法抽取河池学院一至三年级2 300名在校大学生进行匿名自填问卷调查.结果:被调查的大学生中,对艾滋病的三大传播途径知晓率为79.61%;非传播途径知晓率为82.66%;预防知识知晓率为82.09%;82.66%的学生认为对HIV/AIDs值得同情;8.87%学生有过性行为;83.06%的学生希望通过学校获得系统的相关AIDS知识.结论:学生对艾滋病相关知识了解尚不够全面深入,健康教育亟待加强.     

复方新诺明在艾滋病合并卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎中的应用

艾滋病作为一种传染性疾病,正以惊人的速度在全球蔓延。这种疾病不仅是当今世界上最大的公共卫生问题之一,也是一个社会、经济问题。艾滋病具有传播迅速、发病缓慢、病死率高的特点,机会性感染是艾滋病最主要的死亡原因,复方新诺明治疗和预防艾滋病合并卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎具有良好效果。     

Direct diagnosis ofMycobacterium tuberculosis in blood samples of HIV infected patients by polymerase chain reaction

We have developed a simple, economical and reproducible method for processing blood samples from HIV infected patients for diagnosis of tuberculosis. The procedure was validated on 55 samples selected for tuberculosis based on clinical criteria. 52 patients had radiological changes indicative of pulmonary tuberculosis of which only 28 were positive for AFB in sputum (sensitivity 54%) and 27 for tuberculin (sensitivity 52%). 26 HIV positive patients who showed positive X-ray did not react to tuberculin. The genus PCR probe missed 3 samples (sensitivity 94%) compared to X-ray.M.tuberculosis was detected in the blood of all X-ray positive cases by PCR using TB400 probe (sensitivity 100%) and another probe forM. tuberculosis, IS6110, missed 6 of them (sensitivity 88% compared to X-ray and 89% compared to TB400). It is proposed that this simple sample processing method could be used to screen all blood samples quickly for mycobacteremia using the genus PCR and only those positive for mycobacteria need to be tested forM.tuberculosis. This would save the scarce resources and time by reducing significantly the number of samples to be screened for species confirmation.     

‘They’ve got all the knowledge’: HIV education,gender and sexuality in South African primary schools

Drawing on data derived from two socially contrasting primary schools in Durban, this paper focuses on how gender and sexuality feature in the teaching and discussion of HIV/AIDS. A detailed analysis of two ‘life‐skills’ lessons in the two schools shows that, despite the social differences between the schools, discussions of gender and sexuality remain muted. Discourses of childhood innocence make it difficult for teachers to provide comprehensive knowledge of sex, sexuality and gender in the primary school ‘life‐skills’ lessons. Implications for teacher training are suggested briefly in the conclusion.     

Geriatric Dentistry:

The fastest growing segment of the American population is the elderly, sixty-five years of age and older. Attention is being focused on the dental health needs of the elderly- the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of oral diseases and the establishment of geriatric programs to study the problems of aging and provide dental care for the healthy, homebound, and institutionalized. This paper will discuss the increasing importance of geriatric dentistry from a national perspective, the growth of literature of the specialty, and strategies developed to search the National Library of medicine MEDLARS files. A selected bibliography of geriatric dentistry related books, journals, and mongraphs is included in the Appendix.     

Vulnerable children,communities and schools: lessons from three HIV/AIDS affected areas

The growing number of children made vulnerable by HIV/AIDS threatens the achievement of Education for All (EFA) and Millennium Development goals. Policy recommendations assign schools key roles in meeting the needs of vulnerable children, but there is a dearth of evidence about how vulnerable children and schools interact in AIDS affected communities. Case studies of schools and vulnerable children in Kenya, Malawi and Zimbabwe show that although schools are materially and symbolically well‐positioned to serve as the institutional base to meet the needs of vulnerable children, schools are not accountable for these children and have not reorganised or built capacity to meet their special needs. The Malawi and Zimbabwe cases show that elimination of fees, passive open door policies and exhortations are insufficient measures to bring and keep these children in school. The Kenya case study suggests that investments in long term, well‐resourced local partnerships can be effective.     

Perspectives on HIV/AIDS stigma and discrimination: voices of some young people in Ghana

This paper examines Ghanaian young people's perceptions of the determinants of HIV- and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination, and how these perceptions may influence the de-stigmatisation process. Drawing on findings from an in-depth, multi-method qualitative study involving 104 school and street young people aged between 14 and 19 years, the paper presents young people's accounts of HIV and AIDS. The paper provokes discussion on how language and images associated with existing educational programmes on HIV and AIDS place young people in a dilemma. It also argues that fear and secrecy associated with the disease not only consolidate stigmatisation and discrimination, but also create the desire for retribution. It concludes by challenging health educators to pay particular attention to the language and images used in future educational programmes.     

体育锻炼与艾滋病患者的心理健康

体育锻炼与心理健康之间有着密切的联系,科学的体育锻炼更有利于促进人的心理健康发展。通过对目前AIDS患者普遍存在的心理问题形成原因的分析,旨在揭示体育锻炼对于促进和改善AIDS患者心理健康的理论机制。