Commercialization of patents and external financing during the R&D phase

Using a unique database on Swedish patents owned by small firms and individuals, survival models estimate how different factors influence the decision to commercialize the patents. Such an analysis has seemingly never previously been undertaken. Since the owners know more about the patents than potential external financiers, problems related to asymmetrical information are present. To overcome these problems when inventors and small technology-based firms need financing, Sweden has for a long time relied on government support rather than private venture capital firms. The empirical results show that the larger is the share of patent-owners’ costs covered by government financial support during the R&D phase, the lower is the probability of patents being commercialized. This lower degree of commercialization is likely to depend on (1) the soft terms of the government loans, where the patent owner can avoid paying back the loan if the patent is never commercialized and/or (2) that the government is not able to select promising projects. The first explanation is related to moral hazard and the second one to adverse selection. The policy suggestion is for government to change the design of the loans, to base them on firms rather than projects.     

高职书法教学法研究

传统书法教学多以“师徒相授”、“互相陶染”为法,这也是学校书法教育的通则.书法教育如何融入高职教育,本研究在继承传统、吸收当代“建构主义”学习理论成果的基础上,在实践实验基础上提出了“3M书法教学法”.     

合作活动学习:教育硕士课程的教学样式创新

针对讲听式学习的弊端,合作活动学习作为教育硕士课程的一种新的教学样式得以创生,并形成了学生经验驱动型、学科经验驱动型和教师经验驱动型三种具体类型。经过实践探索,合作活动学习效果显著,具有增强学生的研究意识与能力、促进学生的学习投入以及活跃和拓展学生的思维等优势。     

基于5M的智能生物制造人才培养体系构建——华东理工大学的探索与实践

新一轮科技革命和产业变革的加速演进为高校工科人才培养提出了新的挑战.为培养生物工程领域新工科人才,探索形成了了5M智能生物制造新工科人才培养体系,从课程体系设置、学科交叉融合、国际化人才培养、教研深度融合等方面开展了有益的探索与实践,为生物工程领域新工科创新人才培养提供借鉴.     

木防己多糖的组成及其清除活性氧自由基的作用

目的:提取并纯化木防己多糖(AFMP),确定其组成,研究其清除活性氧自由基的作用.方法:利用水提醇沉得到木防己粗多糖,再经DEAE纤维素和聚酰胺纯制.利用Fenton反应研究AFMP清除·OH的作用;利用邻苯三酚自氧化法研究AFMP清除·O2-的作用.结果:纸色谱显示AFMP由葡萄糖和半乳糖组成.AFMP清除·OH的能力较弱;清除·O2-时的效果稍强,IC50为1407.4μg/ml.结论:木防己多糖为首次提取制得,有一定的清除羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的作用.     

透过"M"浅析网络缩略语

缩略语现象在网络上普遍存在,无论是正式的首字母缩略语,还是非正式的、在交际中形成的约定俗成的表达法,都深刻地影响着网络交互行为,也影响着传统的语言。本文借助与字母“M”有关的缩略语,分析它们的含义、形成及演变,探讨网络中的缩略语现象及相关影响。     

Government,Church and Māori Responses to Mākutu (Sorcery) in New Zealand in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries

ABSTRACT

Traditionally Māori attributed disease to supernatural causes, including mākutu (sorcery) and, as with some other indigenous cultures, considered that killing sorcerers was both just and right. Belief in mākutu ran counter to the Church's desire to gain religious primacy, and mākutu-related murders challenged the State's claim to sovereignty, and its desire to ‘civilize’ Māori. Each indigenous society possesses unique characteristics, just as the nature of each settler society develops within its own environment. While some similarities with other colonized societies can be identified, distinctive local conditions influenced the relationship of Māori to the New Zealand colonial state, and thus attitudes and actions relating to sorcery-related crime. This article explores how mākutu brought Māori communities into conflict with both Church and State, and how the latter in particular was constrained by political realities. As the nineteenth century came to an end, the murders had largely ceased and the State and Church became more concerned with Māori spiritual healers. The article also shows that Māori reformers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries took a lead in changing Māori attitudes.     

Stability and change as reflected in teachers' educational fantasies

The article aims to reveal teachers' dispositions concerning stability and change in the field of schooling and to suggest some possible connection to the social space. Forty teachers who attended a principals' training course were asked to write educational fantasies regarding their 'dream school'. A content analysis of the fantasies showed similarities, such as: respecting student diversity, core curriculum and subjects of choice, a variety of teaching methods and a rich physical environment, and differences regarding: time and space configuration, classroom size and the schoolyard and recreation area. Most (75%) of the desired models view the school as preparing the student for society, while 25% perceive it as a place for the fulfilment of students' potential. The conclusion is that educational reforms are likely to succeed if they follow the trend toward more diversity, choice and pluralism, but at the same time respect the areas of difference. Further research is needed to elaborate on the educational fantasy as a research tool.     

男子400m分段时间对运动成绩的影响及血乳酸值的变化

通过对不同训练水平400m运动员两次比赛实际分段时间、运动成绩、血乳酸值等进行测试和评定发现:前0～100m分段时间相对过快,必然引起后300～400m分段时间相对过慢,造成运动成绩差,血乳酸值相对高。分析:0～100m分段时间相对过快,缩短了作加速运动的距离,促使肌肉和血液中的乳酸积累速率成非线性加大,造成在离终点还有一定距离时,运动速度相对迅速减慢,此时运动对能源物质的消耗所产生乳酸引起血乳酸。     

RRM1 gene expression in peripheral blood is predictive of shorter survival in Chinese patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer treated by gemcitabine and platinum

Objective  

To evaluate the predictive values of gene expressions of ribonucleotide reductase M1 (RRM1) and breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) in peripheral blood from Chinese patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with gemcitabine plus platinum.