A Normative Approach to Shaping College Students' Attitudes Toward Organ Donation

This study tested the effects of normative influence on increasing college students' attitudes, intentions, and willingness to communicate about organ and tissue donation (OTD). It was hypothesized that students would look to their peers (referent group) in forming their own attitudes about organ donation. Three hundred thirty-nine (N = 339) participants were randomly assigned to one of five experimental conditions: (1) control group; (2) general referent/normative message group; (3) specific referent/normative message group; (4) general referent/counternormative message group; and (5) specific referent/counternormative message group. An interaction effect was predicted between message type (normative > counternormative) and attributed message source (specific referent > general referent). Students reported highly favorable attitudes toward OTD, moderate-to-high levels of intentions to become organ donors and willingness to communicate about OTD. The hypothesis that participants within the normative message condition would report more favorable attitudes, intentions, and willingness to communicate about OTD compared to participants within the counternormative message condition was supported for participants' willingness to communicate about OTD. The second hypothesis that participants within the specific referent condition would express more favorable attitudes, intentions, and willingness to communicate was rejected.     

Trajectory subgroups of perceived emotional support from teachers: Associations with change in mastery climate and intentions to quit upper secondary school

The aims of this three-wave longitudinal study were to identify and describe trajectories of perceived emotional support from teachers and investigate whether these trajectories were related to the development of intentions to quit upper secondary school via change in perceived mastery climate. Among 1379 Norwegian upper secondary school students, three trajectory subgroups were identified: stable high (84.9%), decreasing (7.8%), and low increasing (7.3%). The subgroups differed in levels of achievement ambition and academic self-concept. Further, a parallel process latent growth curve model revealed essential associations with change in intentions to quit school. Specifically, students with high probabilities of membership in the decreasing emotional support subgroup appeared to be at particular risk, perceiving a decrease in mastery climate that was related to a worrying development of intentions to quit school. The results are discussed considering the importance of a sustained supportive learning environment for late adolescents.     

聚落空间场所化与“干”族群文化自我的实然性基础

基于"干"(ganl/an11,族称/自称,日常用语指"用树枝木栅把居所环境及栖居之所遮掩起来")族群文化自我的实然性基础,讨论侗寨居所序列场所化过程与生存环境生成性形成的哲学性关联。分析认为,于文明始初侗寨居所建筑即拥有表征族群自我"行为"文化"想象"的典型性特征。具体表现在对侗族行为文化构架、族群自我情感体验及女性话语施事行为等结构形态产生深远性影响。     

基于Pro/E行为建模的可变截面悬臂梁优化

为了以最少的原材料满足结构强度、刚度要求,通过Pro/E行为建模技术,对受均布载荷变截面矩形悬臂梁进行等强度设计。介绍了通过全局灵敏度分析和可行性研究,在静态分析和载荷的双重作用下,当最大应力小于61.66 MPa时,质量能否达到最小的可行设计目标。该方法为变截面悬臂梁的设计人员提供了一个简单、方便的建模方法和结构优化分析手段,有利于提高悬臂梁的设计质量和效率,缩短设计周期。     

Behavioral self-regulation and executive function both predict visuomotor skills and early academic achievement

The present study explored direct and interactive effects between behavioral self-regulation (SR) and two measures of executive function (EF, inhibitory control and working memory), with a fine motor measure tapping visuomotor skills (VMS) in a sample of 127 prekindergarten and kindergarten children. It also examined the relative contribution of behavioral SR, EF, and VMS skills for concurrent academic achievement. Results indicated that a measure of working memory (WJ-Working Memory) and a measure of behavioral SR (Head–Toes–Knees–Shoulders task; HTKS) were directly related to VMS. Differential relations were also examined for prekindergarten and kindergarten children. Results revealed a significant interaction between age and inhibitory control (Day–Night), and an interaction at a trend level between age and working memory suggesting both tasks are more related to VMS skills for younger children. Results also indicated that behavioral SR, EF, and VMS skills were differentially related to the three achievement outcomes. Both behavioral SR and VMS were significantly related to math, behavioral SR, EF, and VMS were significantly related to emergent literacy, and behavioral SR and EF were related to vocabulary scores. Results point to significant relations between behavioral SR and EF with VMS, and how each is related to early academic achievement in preschool and kindergarten.     

Untangling the relative contribution of maltreatment severity and frequency to type of behavioral outcome in foster youth

Within maltreatment research, type, frequency, and severity of abuse are often confounded and not always specifically documented. The result is samples that are often heterogeneous in regard to maltreatment experience, and the role of the different components of maltreatment in predicting outcome is unclear. The purpose of the present study was to identify and test the potential unique role of type, frequency, and severity of maltreatment to elucidate each variable's role in predicting outcome behavior. Data from 309 youth in foster care (ages 8–22) and their caregivers were collected using the Modified Maltreatment Classification System and the Behavioral Assessment System for Children, 2nd Edition (BASC2), to measure maltreatment exposure and behavioral outcome respectively. A measurement model of the BASC2 was completed to determine model fit within the sample data. A second confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was completed to determine the unique contributions of frequency and severity of maltreatment across four types of abuse to externalizing, internalizing, and adaptive behavior. The result of the CFA determined good fit of the BASC2 to the sample data after a few modifications. The result of the second CFA indicated that the paths from severity to externalizing behavior and adaptive behavior (reverse loading) were significant. Paths from frequency of abuse were not predictive of behavioral outcome. Maltreatment is a complex construct and researchers are encouraged to examine components of abuse that may be differentially related to outcome behavior for youth. Untangling the multifaceted nature of abuse is important and may have implications for identifying specific outcomes for youth exposed to maltreatment.     

以家庭为中心的PBS理论及其在中国的现实性

以家庭为中心的积极行为支持(PBS)干预模式是一种在家庭情境中干预儿童行为问题的理念和技术,它对于行为管理领域倡导开发积极的、教育性的、非强制性的干预方法具有重要的意义。通过详细阐释该模式的概念、历史发展、理论基础、特点以及实施程序,在此基础上,就源于美国的PBS干预模式能否在我国本土生根发芽的可行性及遇到的问题进行现实性分析。     

Pro/E BMX的曲轴结构优化设计研究

在分析曲轴结构的基础上,对曲轴结构进行规格化处理,确定曲轴模型参数,并利用Pro/E行为建模技术,分析如何通过使用灵敏度分析、可行性研究和优化研究来寻找曲轴质量最小时,旋转轴与质心间的距离能否为零是否可行的设计目标。该方法为曲轴设计人员提供了一个简单、方便的建模方法和结构优化分析手段,有利于提高曲轴的设计质量和效率,缩短设计周期。     

水体中酞酸酯类环境激素环境过程研究

酞酸酯(又称邻苯二甲酸酯,简称PAEs)是一类人工合成的环境激素类持久性难降解有机污染物,广泛用作塑料、农药及驱虫剂等的生产原料,近年来对酞酸酯类环境激素污染研究表明,由其引起的环境问题已得到世界的普遍关注。该文对酞酸酯类环境激素环境行为特征进行了系统总结,对酞酸酯类环境激素污染研究提出展望。     

大学毕业生考研的经济行为分析——基于行为经济学的诠释

当下正是众多大学毕业生做出考验决策的关键时期,文章运用行为经济学的理论知识来分析当下大学毕业生所面临的考研与否的经济行为,并试图通过构建经济学的分析框架,即意识形态决定偏好,而偏好又受到各种条件的约束,经过各项机制包括政府政策的影响,通过竞争,明晰产权,实现均衡产出,使社会资源尤其是人力资本得以充分利用。