Muscle force characteristics of male and female collegiate cross-country runners during overground running

ABSTRACT

Males and females demonstrate unique running mechanics that may contribute to sex-related differences in common running related injuries. Understanding differences in muscle forces during running may inform intervention approaches, such as gait retraining addressing muscle force distribution. The purpose of this study was to compare muscle force characteristics and inter-trial variability between males and females during running. Twenty female and 14 male collegiate cross-country runners were examined. Three-dimensional kinetic and kinematic data were collected during overground running and used to estimate muscle forces via musculoskeletal modelling. Principle components analysis was used to capture the primary sources of variance from the muscle force waveforms. The magnitude of the forces for the hamstrings, gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles were higher across the majority of stance in male runners regardless of footstrike pattern. Males also demonstrated greater inter-trial variability in the timing of the peak gluteus maximus force and the magnitude of local peaks in the gastrocnemius force waveform. Male and female collegiate cross-country runners appear to employ unique lower extremity muscle force characteristics during overground running.     

玫瑰花渣的研究进展

玫瑰花是一种具有很高的食用价值和药用价值的花卉.目前,玫瑰花最主要的用途是作为玫瑰精油的提取原料,其中产生的大量玫瑰残渣一般作为废料处理,这造成很大的浪费.因此,对玫瑰花渣的利用是提高玫瑰花经济效益的重要途径.目前对玫瑰花的研究和应用比较广泛,而对玫瑰花渣的关注却相对较少.本文对我国玫瑰花渣的研究做一综述.     

The oxygen-conserving potential of the diving response: A kinetic-based analysis

We investigated the oxygen-conserving potential of the human diving response by comparing trained breath-hold divers (BHDs) to non-divers (NDs) during simulated dynamic breath-holding (BH). Changes in haemodynamics [heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO)] and peripheral muscle oxygenation [oxyhaemoglobin ([HbO₂]), deoxyhaemoglobin ([HHb]), total haemoglobin ([tHb]), tissue saturation index (TSI)] and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO₂) were continuously recorded during simulated dynamic BH. BHDs showed a breaking point in HR kinetics at mid-BH immediately preceding a more pronounced drop in HR (?0.86 bpm.%^?1) while HR kinetics in NDs steadily decreased throughout BH (?0.47 bpm.%^?1). By contrast, SV remained unchanged during BH in both groups (all P > 0.05). Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) results (mean ± SD) expressed as percentage changes from the initial values showed a lower [HHb] increase for BHDs than for NDs at the cessation of BH (+24.0 ± 10.1 vs. +39.2 ± 9.6%, respectively; P < 0.05). As a result, BHDs showed a [tHb] drop that NDs did not at the end of BH (?7.3 ± 3.2 vs. ?3.0 ± 4.7%, respectively; P < 0.05). The most striking finding of the present study was that BHDs presented an increase in oxygen-conserving efficiency due to substantial shifts in both cardiac and peripheral haemodynamics during simulated BH. In addition, the kinetic-based approach we used provides further credence to the concept of an “oxygen-conserving breaking point” in the human diving response.     

Could knee joint mechanics during the golf swing be contributing to chronic knee injuries in professional golfers?

ABSTRACT

Full three-dimensional movements and external moments in golfers’ knees and the possible involvement in injuries have not been evaluated using motion capture at high sample frequencies. This study measured joint angles and external moments around the three anatomical axes in both knees of 10 professional golfers performing golf drives whilst standing on two force plates in a motion capture laboratory. Significant differences were found in the knee joint moments between the lead and trail limbs for the peak values and throughout all stages during the swing phase. A significantly higher net abduction moment impulse was seen in the trail limb compared with the lead limb (?0.518 vs. ?0.135 Nms.kg^?1), indicating greater loading over the whole swing, which could contribute to knee lateral compartment or anterior cruciate ligament injuries. A significant correlation (r = ?0.85) between clubhead speed at ball contact and maximum joint moment was found, with the largest correlations being found for joint moments at the top of the backswing event and at the end of the follow-through. Therefore, although knee moments can contribute to high clubhead speeds, the large moments and impulses suggest that they may also contribute to chronic knee injuries or exacerbate existing conditions.     

基于蒙特卡罗模拟的不同聚合温度下的丙烯聚合动力学研究

在不考虑其他杂质参与聚合反应的情况下,并基于已有对丙烯聚合反应过程的普适化认识,提出了一个普适的丙烯聚合反应机理(基元反应).在已有的丙烯聚合反应机理基础上,为了证实该聚合反应过程总活性基是否满足“稳态假定”以及考察聚合反应温度对聚合过程的影响,采用蒙特卡罗模拟方法研究了传统Ziegler-Natta催化剂催化下的丙烯聚合动力学.模拟得到的总活性基数目在丙烯聚合初期快速增加到峰值,然后随聚合反应的进行保持恒定,证实了丙烯聚合过程中总活性基符合稳态假定.同时,模拟得到了聚合温度对丙烯聚合过程的转化率、分子量的影响.模拟结果表明:在聚合过程中,丙烯单体的消耗速率随聚合温度升高而增加;不同聚合温度下的数均聚合度峰值相同,但随温度增加,数均聚合度峰值来得早;随聚合温度增加,数均分子量减少,分子量分布变宽.     

过碳酸钠热分解动力学研究(Ⅱ)-最佳实验点的确定

采用置信域容积最小为目标的实验设计方法，对过碳酸钠分解动力学实验进行了统计设计，确定了最佳实验点的位置，研究结果表明，在过碳酸钠分解率0．1及0．85两个位置做实验，能够对过碳酸钠分解动力学模型中的两参数k和t0精确估值。     

Effects of load on ground reaction force and lower limb kinematics during concentric squats

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of external load on vertical ground reaction force, and linear and angular kinematics, during squats. Eight males aged 22.1?±?0.8 years performed maximal concentric squats using loads ranging from 7 to 70% of one-repetition maximum on a force plate while linear barbell velocity and the angular kinematics of the hip, knee and ankle were recorded. Maximum, average and angle-specific values were recorded. The ground reaction force ranged from 1.67?±?0.20 to 3.21?±?0.29 times body weight and increased significantly as external load increased (P?<?0.05). Bar linear velocity ranged from 0.54?±?0.11 to 2.50?±?0.50?m?·?s^?1 and decreased significantly with increasing external load (P?<?0.05). Hip, knee and ankle angles at maximum ground reaction force were affected by external load (P?<?0.05). The force?–?barbell velocity curves were fitted using linear models with coefficients (r ²) ranging from 0.59 to 0.96. The results suggest that maximal force exertion during squat exercises is not achieved at the same position of the lower body as external load is increased. In contrast, joint velocity coordination does not change as load is increased. The force?–?velocity relationship was linear and independent from the set of data used for its determination.     

高职化工专业英语教学内容设计改革

文章对现有化工专业英语教材及当前教学内容进行了全面分析,结合本行业学生的就业方向和企业生产的实际情况,得出高职化工专业英语教学内容的设计改革迫在眉睫的结论。引入了项目教学法、任务教学法,内容设计不仅突出自身行业特点,兼顾注重学生实际的需求。     

几种碱改性ACF电极材料对电容性吸附处理RO浓水氨氮及其动力学研究

实验选用Na OH、KOH及氨水为电容性吸附电极材料活性碳纤维ACF的改性剂,通过比较原材料与几种改性材料去除盐分和氨氮效果,研究其电容性吸附氨氮动力学过程,实验结果表明:改性ACF相比未改性活性碳纤维电容性吸附污染物质发生变化,其中氨氮改性后ACF在盐分和氨氮去除上都表现出优越性,ACF-NH3除盐平均去除率达到9.69%,高于ACF-unmodified5.29%,氨氮平均去除率达到41.80%,高于改性前的27.33%;Na OH和KOH改性ACF在氨氮去除上均低于改性前,但其平均除盐率分别为6.53%、6.64%高于改性前;准一级、二级和Elovich经典动力学模拟其氨氮吸附动力学表明准一级和二级动力学具有更高的R2但其qe值误差较大,相比Elovich则能反应出其吸附趋势;另外,通过高斯多项式模拟结果和趋势均较经典动力学符合其吸附过程,R2均大于0.9557,一定程度上可以借鉴使用。     

完善《化工总控工职业标准》,适应企业需求,促进学生就业

化工总控操作人员是化工行业的主力军,针对高职化工专业毕业生的就业岗位,文章提出在化工总控操作标准中应完善部分内容,为学生就业做铺垫。