值得探索的科研项目经费配置新机制——抽签制

科技资源配置特别是科研经费配置是科技界、学术界和科研管理部门高度关注和研究的问题,抽签制的提出与应用丰富了科研项目资助的评审方法,有利于促进科研经费的公平分配和科学研究的繁荣发展。利用文献调研法及案例分析法总结归纳抽签制的原理及过程,分析其存在的合理性和使用的局限性,并对新西兰卫生研究理事会、德国大众基金会和瑞士国家科学研究基金会等三个具有代表性的科研机构抽签制进行详细梳理和分析,系统讨论抽签制的理论依据和应用现状。抽签制作为一种创新的科研资助评审方法,具有一定的科学性和适用性,但目前还处于少数国家、特定领域和小范围的试验阶段,未来发展还需广泛开展抽签制试点项目并评估作用效果,研究建立适合经费抽签制的政策制度,合理设置经费抽签制的申请准入门槛。     

Schools That Make a Difference to Post-Compulsory Uptake of Physical Science Subjects: Some comparative case studies in England

This paper presents the findings of the qualitative component of a combined methods research study that explores a range of individual and school factors that influence the uptake of chemistry and physics in post-compulsory study in England. The first phase involves using the National Pupil Database to provide a sampling frame to identify four matched pairs of high-uptake and low-uptake schools by salient school factors. Case studies of these eight schools indicate that students employ selection strategies related to their career aspirations, their sense of identity and tactics, and their prior experience. The school factors influencing subject choice relate to school management, student support and guidance, and student empowerment. The most notable differences between students in high-uptake and low-uptake schools are that students in high-uptake schools appear to make a proactive choice in relation to career aspirations, rather than a reactive choice on the basis of past experience. Schools with a high uptake offer a diverse science curriculum in the final two years of compulsory study, set higher examination entry requirements for further study and, crucially, provide a range of opportunities for students to interact with the world of work and to gain knowledge and experience of science-related careers.     

Why Is Performance on Multiple‐Choice Tests and Constructed‐Response Tests Not More Closely Related? Theory and an Empirical Test*

Both professional certification and academic tests rely heavily on multiple‐choice questions, despite the widespread belief that alternate, constructed‐response questions are superior measures of a test taker's understanding of the underlying material. Empirically, the search for a link between these two assessment metrics has met with limited success, leading some researchers to conclude that the relationship is close and others to conclude that no relationship exists at all. The authors suggest that “knowledge level” may play a key role in explaining this disparity in findings. This article outlines the theory for such a concept, and investigates the possibility using 172 carefully constructed tests in several entry‐level programming classes. The article also discusses several caveats that suggest the usefulness of yet further research in the area.     

中小学信息化领导力实践的现实困境与路径选择

信息化领导力是教育信息化深入发展中的一个重大课题。通过对领导力及信息化领导力概念的解构,发现信息化领导力不仅仅是领导者(如校长)个人的能力特质或影响力,更需要关注的是整个领导集体的领导力与被领导者的反作用力之间的合力。在对校长信息化领导力实践的现实拷问下,转变领导观念、确立共同愿景、培育信息化领导团队、实行分工与协作是学校信息化领导力实践的现实路径选择。     

海外留学高等教育专业选择问题研究

本研究用项目课题组在全国七个城市的抽样数据,对中国应届高中毕业生海外留学科技导向类与非科技导向类专业的选择问题进行了多元逻辑回归分析。研究发现,留学专业选择受到留学预期收益率等经济因素的显著影响。文章对上述研究结果给予了理论回应及政策建议。     

Dynamics of Individual Television Viewing Behavior: Models,Empirical Evidence,and a Research Program

Television viewing often is a sequence of a multitude of activities that can vary tremendously from the moment the TV set is turned on until it is turned off again. Previous models of individual viewing behavior as well as empirical studies have focused on isolated aspects of viewing only, such as the frequency and duration of viewing or patterns of selecting a specific program. This paper draws attention to the complete process of TV viewing. We develop a process model to describe whole viewing sessions. Furthermore, a review of the empirical evidence on viewing behavior and a typology of factors influencing the viewing process are presented, concluded by a research program.     

教育人类学视野中的当代武术文化传承困境与路径选择

当前武术文化的传承遭遇困境。表现为传承方式产生路径依赖,整体上缺乏改革魄力与创新精神;世家传承、师徒传承以及馆校传承等重要的传承阵营面l临窘境,传承链系中后继乏人;且传承主体间缺乏良陛互动,甚至存在部分的误读现象;原本为一有机整体的武术文化在不经意间被分解,传承内容亦日益碎化。此困境突破之路径在于：力挺传承主体,提升传承意识;拓展宣传路径,兼修自身内功;加强平等交流,深解武术文化;注重整体传承,拒绝过度碎化。     

高校教师评级方案指标体系的计量分析——基于排序多元离散模型

高校教师评级方案是建立在公平公正的基础上、为促进教师思想素质和教学能力的和谐发展,激发教师的创新精神而采用的一种激励方法。级别的评定必须考虑评级方案中指标权重设置的科学性和合理性。结合实际数据建立了排序多元离散选择模型,对某高校的教师评级方案所采用的指标体系进行了检验,并适度提出修正意见。     

我国高校自主招生的制度选择

高校自主招生改革试点的推行,是对我国高校招生考试制度的补充与完善,也是与国际高校招生考试制度接轨的一项重要举措.在这几年的改革试点进程中,高校自主招生虽取得了不小的成绩,但也存在一些不易解决的问题.我们要使高校自主招生改革试点工作顺利健康地开展下去,就必须深入探讨阻碍我国高校自主招生健康运行的制约因素.     

科学发展观视角下民族地区经济社会发展的途径选择——以武陵地区为例

科学发展观是指导少数民族地区经济社会发展的基本原则。武陵地区要加快经济社会发展,必须从科学发展观的视角下实现政策重构,并根据区域特色资源进行特色主导产业选择。