科研众包视角下公众科学项目刍议:概念解析、模式探索及学科机遇

过去十年,公众科学已经从一个新兴概念逐渐演化成互联网环境下群体协作的利器。然而,由于公众科学项目发起主体的多元性、参与方的广泛性和异质性、实施过程的复杂性和动态性,其运行机制和管理方式还有很多难点。科研众包理念是成功开展公众科学项目的前提和重点,因此可以作为公众科学的理论视角去进行概念解析,而对于科研众包类型的解构也将有助于公众科学项目的模式设计。本研究认为基于科研众包类型和公众科学开展环境两个维度,可以有效构建公众科学项目的业务模式并进行业务划分;以“机构观”的思想去驱动、管理并维系公众科学项目的发展,加入第三方组织机构这一实体可以重构公众科学项目的运作模式。而立足于图书情报学科,可以对数字人文类公众科学项目进行深入探索,尤其可以从特色馆藏利用、数字人文平台构建、科研数据管护以及用户激励和培训等方面开展后续工作。图4。表1。参考文献45。     

The impact of institutional culture,policy and process on student engagement in university decision-making

There is a strong focus on the importance of student engagement in higher education, with increasing attention on how students can participate in their university’s decision-making processes. Yet, although the concept appears to be almost universally accepted, it is rarely problematised. This has led some commentators to conclude that student engagement lacks theoretical clarity. Consequently, an increasing number of authors have sought to address this. This paper adds to those efforts by proposing a model for student engagement that recognises the importance of institutional action in facilitating different types of participation. These are aligned with expectations for student activity, but the key message is that the university shapes its students’ engagement. This reinforces arguments that engagement needs to be cognisant of the power dynamics of higher education. In line with this, the paper borrows from debates around public participation to enhance understanding of student engagement in institutional governance.     

Cultivating environmental citizenship in teacher education

Research on environmental action projects in teacher education is limited. Furthermore, projects that emphasize the role of citizens and governments in environmental problem-solving are scarce. The purpose of this study was to explore how participating in a political environmental action project influenced pre-service teachers’ environmental citizenship. Following the steps of Project Citizen, an international civic education program, pre-service teachers learned about and proposed policy solutions to address excessive energy usage at their university. Analysis revealed growth in the pre-service teachers’ environmental citizenry, including their self-efficacy, values awareness, and ecological and civics literacy. Through critical appraisal of their local energy-yielding system, the pre-service teachers recognized energy conservation as a cultural problem with local and global implications, furthering their commitment to action-oriented environmental education.     

主动公民教育:国际公民教育发展的新走向

20世纪90年代以来,出于对公民参与公共生活的积极性持续下降将影响民主的稳定与发展的担忧,各国尤其是西方发达国家把实施主动公民教育作为主要政策追求,在加强学生在学校与社区生活中的参与的基础上,强调通过课内与课外、校内与校外、正规与非正规等各种教育途径之间的互动与合作,以培养知情的、负责任的参与型公民.     

服务型制造企业服务提供、知识共创与服务创新绩效

引入知识共创变量,对服务型制造企业服务提供与服务创新绩效之间的关系进行探讨,分析服务提供对服务创新绩效的主效应以及知识共创在其中的中介效应,采用因子分析、相关分析和回归分析方法对来自300家服务型制造企业的有效数据进行实证检验,结果表明:(1)面向客户的服务提供和面向产品的服务提供对服务创新绩效有明显促进作用;(2)服务提供对知识共创有正向影响;(3)知识共创对服务创新绩效有显著的正向影响;(4)知识共创在服务提供和服务创新绩效之间起中介作用。     

试论清末民初"新国民"思潮的局限

清末民初的"新国民"思潮将矛头直接指向封建专制统治及其影响下的国民性,促进了国民现代意识的觉醒.然而,由于历史客观因素的限制和改造国民性的复杂性、艰巨性和迫切性,清末民初"新国民"的理论难成一体,存在着许多矛盾,学者们过多地强调群体利益,对国民个性的构筑重视不足,直接影响了国民素质的提高.再加上对人民力量、政治制度与社会经济实际状况的轻视,使"新国民"思潮缺乏冲击力,从而具有不可避免的局限性.认识并了解这些局限性对今天"新国民"国民性的养成具有重要的积极意义.     

“众包”模式推进美国公民新闻再发展

"众包"模式最早出现在商业领域,在引入新闻实践领域后,被认为是促进"公民新闻"发展的又一契机。本文将探讨在"公民新闻"一度遭遇发展困境时,"众包"模式出现的原因,并以相关媒体的尝试作为实例来论述其特点和引发的变化,分析"众包"模式是如何促使"公民新闻"向"专业的业余新闻"转变的。     

新疆高等师范院校通识教育理念的思考——以基础教育新课程改革为背景

高等师范院校是基础教育师资的主要来源,在目前基础教育新课程改革更加注重人文素质培养的背景下,如何结合新疆特殊的社会文化环境,加强新疆高师院校的通识教育是一个值得研究的课题.通过通识教育,学生应树立起正确的价值观与自我意识、国家观与公民意识、民族观与文化开放意识.     

Combining formal education and citizen science: a case study on students’ perceptions of learning and interest in an urban rat project

Abstract

Citizen science is a valuable tool in environmental and formal education in creating scientific knowledge for the researchers and facilitating learning and fostering a positive relationship toward the environment and study species. We present a case study on the Helsinki Urban Rat Project in which students surveyed rat occurrence in their own near environments. According to our results, experientiality, involvement, meaningfulness, freedom to choose, ease of participation, and the rats themselves contributed to students’ increased interest in participation. Furthermore, students described diverse factual, conceptual, procedural, and metacognitive knowledge that they acquired during their participation. In general, students described negative attitudes toward rats, but they less negative views on rats after participation. We reflect on the success of the citizen science project and implications of planning a future citizen science project and incorporating citizen science in formal education.     

论20世纪90年代“新市民小说”的内蕴特征

20世纪90年代“新市民小说”的出现有着特定的历史,社会和化背景。它传达出中国社会处于转型期的特殊的化境况;揭示出市场化日前渗透进入的意识层面而对旧有的思想观念造成的冲击与碰撞;在人性的表现方面虽也致力于“饮食男女”,但特殊的社会明情境又使之作出了新的尝试。