启动民间投资的问题与途径

本文剖析了经济启动过程中政府投资推进与民间投资乏力并存在现象，指出了民间投资滞后的根本原因在于制度性障碍，而不是市场性运作所产生的“挤出效应”。虽然政府投资为民间投资作了多元空间的铺垫，但由于市场、产业、创业方面准入的壁垒，以及金融、税收、出口等方面的制度障碍，使得民间投资跟进乏力，因此，作者提出，启动民间投资必须兼顾制度、市场、技术几个方面，切实改善民间资本运作的环境，通过扩大多种民间投资，更有力地促进经济增长。     

Multilevel analysis of student civics knowledge scores

Compositional effects of scholarly culture classroom/school climate on civic knowledge scores of 9th graders in the United States were examined using the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) 1999 Civic Education Study data. Following Evans et al. (2010 Evans, M. D. R., Kelley, J., Sikora, J., &; Treiman, D. J. (2010). Family scholarly culture and educational success: Books and schooling in 27 nations. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 28, 171–197.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 2014 Evans, M. D. R., Kelley, J., &; Sikora, J. (2014). Scholarly culture and academic performance in 42 nations. Social Forces, 92, 1573–1605.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), we conceived that the number of books at home, referred to as the home literacy score by IEA, can be an index of scholarly culture of the student's home, and its aggregated average constitutes scholarly culture of the classrooms/schools. The results obtained through multilevel analysis indicated that there were indeed large unique compositional effects and its effect size was comparable to that of mean parent education, individual level scholarly culture, and parent education. Implications of the results in terms of educational policy were discussed.     

Reading,engagement and higher education

ABSTRACT

This article explores the close association between higher education and reading. I draw on the resources of literary studies to illuminate the phenomenon of educational ‘engagement’. I explore the accounts of reading offered in the phenomenological literary theory of Rita Felski and Marielle Macé and extend their ‘stylistics of existence’ into higher education to elaborate engagement’s ‘eventful’ character: it is not in the power of teacher or student to ‘bring about’ engagement. In place of pedagogical ‘method’, I demonstrate how Padraig Hogan’s treatment of education as the ‘courtship of sensibility’ is consistent with this phenomenological treatment of engagement. I am thus able to illustrate how engagement is in tension with instrumental approaches to teaching and learning. I conclude by offering an ethical relation of mutual belonging to subject matter as a corrective to the centrality of ‘knowledge’ in recent attempts to unify the different degrees and objects of engagement.     

科举取仕制度对公务员考试制度的启示

本文从科举取仕制度的发展历程入手,探究科举取仕制度衰亡的原因,为我国现行的公务员选拔制度挖掘其现代意义,同时对建设一支高效、廉洁、务实、创新的现代国家干部队伍进行理论探讨。     

多模态数据下混合协作学习者情感投入分析

情感投入在混合协作学习中发挥重要作用,厘清其作用机制是当前亟待解决的问题。混合协作学习场景下多模态情感计算技术的支持为更加精准地分析学习者情感投入提供了可能。文章从情感数据的多模态融合、情感发生的情境解释、情感状态的动态变化、情感发展的层级建构和情感反馈的调节干预五个层面构建了混合协作学习者情感投入的研究框架,并从改善混合协作学习过程和探索混合协作学习规律出发,阐述了混合协作学习者情感投入的分析路径。一方面,融合多模态数据,输出可视化的情感状态识别结果;根据环境、认知、行为、动机及任务等因素,进行情感归因;预防情感危机,采取反馈与调节措施。另一方面,探索情感投入与人际互动、学习资源、认知发展的关系,以期揭示混合协作学习的内在规律。     

Effective learning of civic skills: democratic schools succeed in nurturing the critical capacities of students

In this paper, I discuss some research findings regarding the characteristics that democratic schools appear to have in common. These commonalities seem to have contributed to their status as being seen as reputable democratic schools. For the purposes of the reported study, schools that were diverse in their philosophical approaches to education and socio‐economic composition were selected as case‐study schools. A specific selection criterion was that these schools had a reputation for nurturing the critical capabilities of students with an explicit ‘citizenship framework’. Students were not seen as ‘objects to be acted upon’, but rather were trusted to be subjects of rights and responsibilities within the school community in some form or other. The research included analysis of interview, observation and document data. Three major corresponding features were identified: (a) the principals perceived their schools to be ‘out of the ordinary’, (b) all four case‐study sites had carefully developed school rules as statements of principles rather than an extensive list of dos and don’ts and (c) three of the four schools seemed to employ differential treatment practices rather than a ‘one‐size‐fits‐all’ approach to the discipline of students. The findings suggest that it is possible for schools to educate effectively in and for democracy by way of day‐to‐day educational practices that inspire some aspects of political and moral student empowerment.     

Teaching controversial issues in a fragile democracy: defusing deliberation in Israeli primary classrooms

Teaching through controversial, politically charged issues is promoted in Anglo-American democracies as a key means for cultivating active citizenry and democratic values. However, the challenges of discussing controversial issues in the classroom may differ in younger, deeply divided democracies that lack common ground and institutional stability. In this study we ask, what approaches to the teaching of controversial issues do Israeli teachers adopt while enacting a curricular unit concerning Israel’s founding fathers? The data were collected in an ethnographic study in two primary schools during the 2012–2013 school year. We use linguistic ethnographic methods to analyse the curricular materials and their enactment in four video-recorded lessons in three classrooms. We argue that while the curriculum addresses deeply controversial content, it is designed to inculcate a shared national ethos and therefore avoids controversy. In practice, teachers and students engaged with controversial issues, but in ways that defused their volatility. We highlight two heretofore undocumented approaches to controversial issues: (1) sidestepping controversy by stripping it of real world complexities, and (2) scholasticizing the discussion by focusing on literacy practices. Finally, we discuss the rationales for using these two approaches to defuse controversy in the classroom, and their limitations.     

Are both classroom autonomy support and structure equally important for students' engagement? A multilevel analysis

The current study was carried out within the framework of self-determination theory and aimed to investigate specific, additive and combined effects of teachers' autonomy support and structure on students' engagement. Using multilevel analyses, main effects and interaction of autonomy support and structure provided at the classroom level were tested on behavioral, cognitive and emotional engagement. 744 ninth grade students from 51 classes completed a questionnaire about their engagement during language classes and their perceptions of the teacher's provision of autonomy support and structure. The results highlight the links between classroom context, especially structure, and the three components of engagement. Autonomy support has a complementary role as it was associated with emotional engagement. These results improve our understanding of the relationships between learning environment and engagement and provide more accurate indications to teachers and educators regarding the most effective ways to enhance students' engagement.     

Civic education in Lesotho: implications for teaching of democratic citizenship

This paper investigates the extent to which civic education is achieving its goals of teaching democracy and producing responsible democratic citizenship in Lesotho. This is done by analysing the conceptions of civic education, democracy, public participation, human rights, freedoms and responsibilities that appear in Lesotho’s documents that are used to teach people about democracy through formal, non-formal and informal education. I therefore argue that in the current Lesotho’s political history, these conceptions do not provide enough conditions for the cultivation of active democratic citizenship. Instead the materials dwell too much on teaching citizens about the systems and structures of government, preoccupied with inconsistent definitions and characteristics of democracy and with informing citizens of the importance of knowing how to vote and abide by the laws of the country; without showing how democracy should operate in a democratic country. The findings reveal that civic education for adults in Lesotho is offered informally, through the civil society organisations and politicians that are largely based in urban parts of Lesotho. This suggest that civic education should be tailored for the rural and urban citizens in a context of democratic transition in a country that still embraces strong traditional ties to communitarian living.