Parental mediation during the U.S. 2016 presidential election campaign: How parents criticized,restricted, and co-viewed news coverage

Presidential election campaigns provide opportunities for parents to socialize their children to become politically engaged citizens. However, news coverage of the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign contained inappropriate content, leading parents to possibly restrict or denigrate rather than encourage child campaign news consumption. This study built on literatures in political socialization and parental mediation to explore mediation of campaign news coverage. Data from a representative sample of American parents during the Autumn of 2016 revealed that co-viewing, active mediation, and restrictive mediation were relatively common. The predictors of mediation included political variables, parenting orientations, and child factors, with the latter two often interacting with one another. The results have implications for how we conceptualize both political socialization and parental mediation.     

超磁致伸缩作动器的磁路设计

论述了超磁致伸缩作动器的基本原理,根据三种偏置磁场优缺点,选用增加单独线圈产生偏置磁场。在磁路分析的基础上,采用有限元仿真的方法,分析了不同参数和结构对各个组成部分的磁场影响。     

开放大学文学类学科体系构建路径与课程设置研究

学科体系是支撑开放大学发展与建设的基本要素及核心任务。构建开放大学文学类学科体系,在路径选择方面,一是要在学科内延伸,即纵向延伸;二是要在学科间拓展,即横向拓展;在课程设置方面,需要构建多层次的文学类课程结构体系,构建模块化的文学类"课程超市",构建文学类专业群认证体系,形成新的开放大学文学类学科体系和课程体系。     

射频宽带功放动态偏置参数的自动生成

分析了影响射频宽带功率放大器输出功率平坦度的主要原因,提出采用动态偏置改善功率平坦度的设计方案,并重点介绍了以C8051F021为控制器,由PE4302、AT24C512等组成的动态偏置控制电路原理。基于自动测试技术,设计了动态偏置参数自动生成系统,测试结果表明,系统运行稳定,应用自动生成的动态偏置参数,功放的测量数据满足指标要求。     

Unpacking (un)conscious social class bias in faculty hiring processes in Chile: PhD prestige granting university and network

Social class of origin is apparently an imperceptible attribute among doctorate holders seeking academic jobs. Yet, recent studies in different countries reveal that social class of origin may still be influencing the chances of PhD holders from low social class being hired at prestigious universities. Drawing from the theory of social and cultural reproduction, normative ‘fair’ academic hirings frameworks, and qualitative evidence collected in Chile, this research identifies the mechanisms that trigger (un)conscious social class bias in the stages of recruitment and selection of candidates in seven academic departments in economics and industrial engineering (46 interviews). Findings did not prove explicit classism manifestations, but practices of inclusion/exclusion of candidates based on the prestige of PhD-granting universities, and networks. These reproduce the relationship between social class and unequal chances of being connected to prestigious universities. Recommendations to address (un)conscious social class bias in academic hiring are discussed.     

The Multidimensionality of Measurement Bias in High-Stakes Testing: Using Machine Learning to Evaluate Complex Sources of Differential Item Functioning

Test developers and psychometricians have historically examined measurement bias and differential item functioning (DIF) across a single categorical variable (e.g., gender), independently of other variables (e.g., race, age, etc.). This is problematic when more complex forms of measurement bias may adversely affect test responses and, ultimately, bias test scores. Complex forms of measurement bias include conditional effects, interactions, and mediation of background information on test responses. I propose a multidimensional, person-specific perspective of measurement bias to explain how complex sources of bias can manifest in the assessment of human knowledge, skills, and abilities. I also describe a data-driven approach for identifying key sources of bias among many possibilities—namely, a machine learning method commonly known as regularization.     

Open to suggestions: How organizations elicit suggestions through proactive and reactive attention

This paper analyzes organizations’ attempts to entice external contributors to submit suggestions for future organizational action. While earlier work has elaborated on the advantages of leveraging the knowledge of external contributors, our findings show that organizational attempts to attract such involvement are likely to wither and die. We develop arguments about what increases the likelihood of getting suggestions from externals in the future, namely through (1) proactive attention (submitting internally developed suggestions to externals to stimulate debate) and (2) reactive attention (paying attention to suggestions from externals to signal they are being listened to), particularly when those suggestions are submitted by newcomers. Findings from an analysis of about 24,000 initiatives by organizations to involve external contributors suggest these actions are crucial for receiving suggestions from external contributors. Our results are contingent upon the stage of the initiative because organizations’ actions exert more influence in initiatives that lack a history of prior suggestions. Our work has implications for scholars of open innovation because it highlights the importance of considering failures as well successes: focusing exclusively on initiatives that reach a certain stage can lead to partial or erroneous conclusions about why some organizations engage external contributors while others fail.     

技术进步对中国火力发电部门要素偏向与能源强度的影响

在碳达峰、碳中和的背景下,中国电力部门的碳减排一方面依赖于能源结构的优化,另一方面也需要火力发电部门能源强度的降低。本文基于中国火力发电企业层面数据,在超越对数成本函数的框架中纳入企业研发投入、外商直接投资、环境规制3种技术进步来源,采用似不相关回归法估计成本函数系数,进而估算要素替代弹性,分析不同来源技术进步对要素投入及能源强度的影响,讨论技术进步的要素偏向性。研究结论发现：①企业研发投入、外商直接投资的技术溢出效应带来显著的中性技术进步和要素节约,均对能源强度下降有显著贡献;相较于东部企业和大型企业,中西部企业、小型企业的技术进步效应较弱。②环境规制主要通过设备更新等直接效应实现能源偏向性技术进步,而通过企业研发投入的间接机制实现技术进步的影响并不显著。因此,有必要通过促进创新成果推广应用、建设区域间企业交流合作平台、完善环境规制政策组合等措施,激励不同来源技术进步对中国火力发电行业能源要素节约、能源强度下降的作用。