“They were the ones that saw me and listened.” From child sexual abuse to disclosure: Adults’ recalls of the process towards final disclosure

BackgroundWhen child sexual abuse (CSA) is not disclosed, children run the risk of being subjected to longer or repeated abuse, not receiving necessary treatment, and being re-victimized.ObjectiveThis study examines what adults exposed to child sexual abuse in hindsight evaluate as important for disclosure. The aim was to explore exposed own experiences of steps towards final disclosure.Participants and settingData were obtained from adult users of Norwegian Sexual Abuse Support Centers. Included were users exposed to CSA before the age of 18 (N=23).MethodsData were collected through anonymous questionnaires at each support center. The material was transcribed and analyzed in the tradition of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis.ResultsThe study illustrates a process towards disclosure as a dialogically anchored process evolving over time and along life-course inside encounters with important others towards whom the exposed pays attention, attunement, and adjustment whether to tell, delay, re-try, turn towards others, or actually disclose. Their experiences elucidate processes towards exploring and telling through direct and indirect hints and signs, decisions to tell, re-decisions and delaying, or withholding until adulthood, and the dependency on trusted confidants who ask and listen for final disclosure to occur.ConclusionThus, the present study sends an important message to exposed, confidants, and professionals when questions of CSA appear. That is to know of, facilitate, trust, and tolerate the dialogical dependency on being asked and heard by trusted persons and the many steps a process towards disclosure of CSA may entail in order to succeed.     

The mediating role of secrecy in the development of psychopathology in sexually abused children

Although child sexual abuse (CSA) is associated with psychopathology, limited research examined mechanisms through which CSA leads to psychopathology in children. It is generally assumed that CSA is associated with secrecy among children, to our knowledge this assumption has not yet been empirically tested. This gap in our understanding of the aftermath of CSA is surprising in light of abundant evidence linking secrecy to psychopathology among children. The current study examined whether, as compared to children who have not experienced CSA, CSA victims have a greater tendency for secrecy as reported by mothers and children, and whether psychopathology in CSA victims may be explained by their tendency to keep secrets. Sixty-three non-offending mothers and their sexually abused children (68.3% female; M age = 10.89) and 48 mothers and their non-abused children (62.5% female; M age = 11.17) completed questionnaires on secrecy and psychopathology (i.e., internalizing and externalizing behavior problems). Mothers of abused children perceived higher levels of secrecy and psychopathology in their children as compared to mothers of non-abused children. There were no differences in child-reported secrecy between abused and non-abused children. Mediation analyses revealed that mother-reported secrecy mediated the association between CSA and psychopathology. These findings suggest that secrecy is a potential mechanism underlying psychopathology associated with CSA, which has important implications for treatment of abused children.     

Caregiver perceptions of sexual abuse and its effect on management after a disclosure

Objective

The aim of the study was to examine caregiver management strategies for child sexual abuse (CSA) when presented with hypothetical scenarios that vary in physical invasiveness.

Methods

One hundred fifty three caregivers were given 3 scenarios of CSA with 7 management strategies presented in the 21-item Taking Action Strategies (TAS) scale. Caregivers were asked to rate strategies according to their willingness to carry out each action with rating of 5 = greater likelihood of carrying out the action specified while a rating of 1 = a lower likelihood of carrying out that action. CSA scenarios included exposure to pornography/masturbation, fondling, and penetration while management strategies including fighting the accused, blaming the child, and outreaching to the authorities. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare mean TAS scores for the management strategies across CSA scenarios.

Results

The difference between TAS scores across the abuse scenarios was statistically significant (p < .001). Mean TAS scores reflected greater preference for taking action if the abusive act was perceived as more physically intrusive (exposure to pornography/masturbation-TAS 3.5, fondling-TAS 3.7, penetration-TAS 3.8). Caregivers reported being less willing to handle a disclosure of CSA without outreach (TAS 2.5 and 2.0 for fighting and blaming the child, respectively) and more willing to manage a disclosure with outreach to authorities (TAS 3.8, 4.5, and 4.7 for outreaching to Child Protective Services [CPS], to the child's healthcare provider and police, respectively). A predictor of caregiver outreach to authorities identified was the caregiver having past interactions with CPS.

Conclusion

Perception of the physical invasiveness of CSA and demographic factors can impact caregiver management strategies after a disclosure.

Practice implications

Results suggest that several factors influence caregiver management of sexual abuse. These factors warrant further study, as they are potential contributors to declining trends in CSA cases observed. Other implications include the need for educational efforts targeting caregivers. These interventions should focus on dispelling myths about the perceived physical invasiveness of CSA. These perceptions should not mitigate a caregiver's decision to involve the authorities in their management after a disclosure. Lastly, despite criticisms of the child protective systems, caregivers with past encounters with CPS view these related agencies as valuable resources.     

基于政府利益要求及其实现方式的非财务指标披露程度实证研究

国内外从未有人从政府角度进行过非财务指标披露程度排序研究和分组研究,本文从政府角度出发,对政府所关注的反映其利益要求和实现方式信息的非财务指标的披露程度进行了排序研究和分组研究。研究得出结论:企业对不同类的反映政府利益要求和实现方式信息的非财务指标的披露程度存在显著差异;企业因素产生了政府同一类非财务指标披露程度差异。对政府所关注的非财务指标信息,企业除应按相关法律法规的规定进行披露外,还应当根据本企业利益相关者政府的特点和本企业利益相关者政府对非财务指标关注的需要以及关注程度的差异对本企业利益相关者政府所关注的非财务指标信息对本企业利益相关者政府进行充分信息沟通,以满足本企业利益相关者政府关注相关信息的需要。对不同类别企业利益相关者政府披露程度存在显著差异的非财务指标,企业应当特别需要加强沟通。     

中小企业电子商务数据库安全分析

本文详细分析了导致电子商务网站数据库路径泄密的原因,提出了相应的解决方案,并对如何防止下载网站数据库提出了几种方法。     

基于《政府信息公开条例》施行下的档案馆政府信息公开服务工作研究

<政府信息公开条例>的颁布确立了各级国家档案馆为政府信息公开服务的职责.本文通过对当前档案部门开展现行文件利用服务的启示,探讨在<条例>实施准备期档案部门工作的重点.     

Narrative fragmentation in child sexual abuse: The role of age and post-traumatic stress disorder

The present study aimed to assess the effects of age and PTSD on the narrative fragmentation in memories for child sexual abuse. Lexical complexity, cohesion and coherence were analyzed within a group of 86 allegations of children (M = 10 years; SD = 3.7; range: 4–17) who were victims of sexual abuse. Results illustrated that age played an important role in establishing narrative coherence and predicted the level of orientation, the sequence of events and the level of evaluation of the event. Instead, PTSD was related to narrative coherence and cohesion. Therefore, in children, the narrative fragmentation could be an effective diagnostic tool for understanding the effects of PTSD. Moreover in a legal setting the traumatic effects of PTSD on the narrative coherence and cohesion could be significant indices in the evaluation of child testimony.     

在新媒体环境中塑造良好政府形象

政府形象是公众对政府能力与行为的综合认知和评价,关系到政府的公信力,在新媒体环境下,政府形象的构建是通过媒体开展的政民认知互动过程实现的。公众积极参与政府形象传播,政府借助新媒体优化服务方式,拓宽服务渠道,既有效保护公众的知情权与监督权,又塑造了良好的政府形象。     

Pillow Talk and Cognitive Decision-making Processes: Exploring the Influence of Orgasm and Alcohol on Communication after Sexual Activity

This study explores individuals' postcoital disclosures by investigating the role of orgasm and alcohol on communication after sexual activity over a two-week period. Assessments of the risks and benefits of disclosing were expected to influence the associations among orgasm, alcohol, and postcoital communication. The results revealed that individuals who orgasmed perceived greater benefits to disclosing to their partners after sexual activity. They also disclosed more positively valenced information and information of greater magnitude compared to those who did not orgasm, although risk–benefit assessments did not mediate this relationship. Additionally, the more alcohol individuals consumed, the fewer benefits they assessed to disclosing, the less deep and positively valenced their disclosures were, and the more unintentional they were in their disclosures. Similarly, the relationship between alcohol and the dimensions of disclosure was not mediated by risk–benefit assessments. Finally, individuals who consumed more alcohol and did not orgasm disclosed less positively valenced information than individuals who consumed less alcohol and did not orgasm across occasions. The implications of these findings for couples' communication and future research on the postcoital time interval are discussed.     

我国上市公司信息披露中存在的问题、原因及治理对策

当前,我国上市公司存在着信息披露违规、不真实、不及时等问题,产生这些问题的原因主要是法制和公司治理结构不健全、有监督权的中介机构处弱势地位、中小股东无为等。为此我们应针对以上原因制定相应的措施来加强上市公司信息披露的管理。