英法被俘者圆明园受虐致死说考谬

第二次鸦片战争期间,1860年10月,英国代表额尔金以清政府将英法被俘者在圆明园内虐待致死为口实,悍然命令英军焚毁了举世闻名的圆明园等中国皇家园林。英法被俘者究竟有没有在圆明园内受虐致死?这是关系到如何判定英法联军罪责的重要问题。可惜一直没有受到足够的重视,结果,这一错误说法流行至今,没有得到应有的清算。近查清廷编纂的《咸丰朝筹办夷务始末》、刑部尚书赵光的《自订年谱》、刘毓楠的《清咸丰十年洋兵入京之日记》,特别是英国被俘者巴夏礼的回忆文章等,可知,事实上,巴夏礼等被俘人员先被关押于刑部监狱,后转移至高庙;其他被俘者则分别羁押于昌平、密云、房山等州县监狱。所有英法被俘人员并无在圆明园内受虐且致死等情节。额尔金的说法是别有用心的捏造,目的是为焚毁圆明园的罪恶行径寻找借口。     

法国民众眼中的中国形象——从19世纪的巴黎世博会谈起

19世纪我国参加了在巴黎举办的四次世博会,法国民众有了与中国的近距离接触。至1900年,法国人对中国的了解,除了马可.波罗＂皇家花园＂式的传统想象之外,又因中国在世博会上的亮相,增添了美学意义上的理想形象。21世纪法国民众眼中的中国形象,比较典型的有三种：其一,古老而遥远;其二,觉醒的雄狮;其三,令人恐惧的东方巨龙。     

‘For good,God, and the Empire’: French Franciscan sisters in Ethiopia 1896−1937

In 1897, four French Franciscan sisters arrived in Ethiopia, having been summoned there by the Capuchin missionaries. In 1925, they ran an orphanage, a dispensary, a leper colony and 10 schools with 350 girl students. The students were freed slaves, orphans and upper-class Ethiopian and European girls. After providing a brief background to the relations between the Ethiopian government and the missionaries, this article describes the general activities of the Sisters, the importance they dedicated to education, and their religious and political motives. In the second part, it analyses the sociological backgrounds of the female students and the way in which education intersected with gender, class and race. Third, it reconstructs the multiple power relations within which the Sisters’ educational work was embedded. Finally, it demonstrates how schooling girls in a class-based manner – in conformity with the Franciscan Sisters’ perceptions about what lower-class and upper-class women should be – enabled them to secure relations with Ethiopian political elites. These relations both benefited the Ethiopian elites and furthered the cause of French imperialism.     

路易十六——我们应当重新认识

法国大革命被神话的外衣下有极其丑陋的一面,路易十六--这位无辜地成为了法国大革命牺牲品的法国国王,曾经为化解国家财政危机而励精图治,为支持法国大革命而拥护君主立宪,最后用自己的生命换来了法国大革命的进一步发展,这样一位国王,我们应当重新认识和评价。     

当代法国教育行政职能的转变及其启示研究——系统的观点

在法国教育行政职能的转变中,教育立法和政策、教育财政、教育督导和评估、教育预测与规划、教育人事等行政职能在随着社会战略重点的转移以及教育发展变化而进行着变化和调整。通过系统的观点来探讨法国的教育行政职能转变,以对我国在教育均权化、教育行政人员专业化、加强督导等方面有启示和借鉴意义。     

The condition of high-performance athletes in France since the Mazeaud Law of 1975

High-level athletes are accorded deferential treatment by the French state. They enjoy the status of ‘high-performance athletes', which entitles them to assistance from the state and a set of special provisions. This paper provides an overview of the political circumstances in which this status was originated and developed, from its initial recognition under the 1975 Sports Law to the paradoxical social effects that this state policy has had on its beneficiaries: the athletes themselves. The first part of the paper is based largely on a search of parliamentary archives relating to the adoption of this law, known as the Mazeaud law, while the second part is based on a survey and interviews conducted with a number of French athletes who were selected for the 1972 and 1992 Olympic Games in Munich and Barcelona respectively. In addressing these two key phases in the recognition of athlete status, its political development and its subsequent reception, the article illustrates the changes in both status and condition of high-performance athlete, based on very different time scales and inspired by fairly different expectations. Given that the present system aims to improve the position of athletes in terms of their post-competitive lives, the long-term benefit of representing France under these circumstances remains questionable.     

The role of phonological and syntactic awareness in second-language reading: The case of Spanish-speaking learners of French

Spanish-speaking learners of French, aged 9 to 11 years old, were tested after approximately 7months of French instruction to explore the contribution of phonological and syntactic awareness in L2 in 4 components of L2 reading, taking oral competence in L2 andreading in L1 into account. Phonological tasksin L2 better explain decoding. Word recognitionthrough the visual route is best explained bythe corresponding ability in L1. Sentencecomprehension is best explained by oralcompetence in L2, although it is stronglycorrelated with syntactic awareness. Finally,text comprehension is explained by thecorresponding ability in L1, althoughcorrelations with syntactic awareness and oralcompetence are strong. Theoretical implicationsare derived from these findings, and questionsrelative to the subjects' age and level ofbilingualism as well as methodological issuesare discussed.     

黑龙江省高校法语人才培养模式的研究

黑龙江省高校法语专业的创办,使研究法语人才培养模式被提上日程。在分析了黑龙江省对法语人才需求的基础上,提出高校法语专业应充分利用国外资源,探索中法合作办学模式;充分开发本校资源,培养复合型法语人才,为我省和东北输送高素质的法语人才。     

从农业方面对英法资产阶级革命激进性的思考

法国大革命的激进性和英国大革命的保守性一直是个热门问题,从农村资本主义因素的发展和政治结构两方面进行探究,可找出造成这种差别的根源。在资产阶级革命前,英国农村中资本主义因素的发展要较法国先进得多,并且农民在资产阶级革命中的作用也比法国农民在大革命中的作用相对微弱,这是造成法国大革命更为激进的一个重要原因。     

从思想的沃土中汲取营养——法国启蒙哲学对法国高等教育发展的影响

在世界文明的发展史中,法兰西民族无疑作出了独特和重要的贡献。而法国的高等教育同样历史悠久,虽然其发展的道路蜿蜒曲折且荆棘丛生,但法国的高等教育依然走在了世界的前列,成为一个高等教育的强国。而法国高等教育的发展离不开启蒙运动的影响。启蒙运动不仅把法国带出了黑暗,也给了法国高等教育重生,启蒙时期的哲学思潮发展也深深地影响了法国的高等教育,不但为当时法国高等教育的发展提供了理论基础,也为其长远发展提供了思想的沃土。