句法结构二分法与句法歧义研究

生成语法句法结构理论是对美国结构主义语法研究的扬弃,克服了直接成分分析法存在三分法等弊端。生成语法认为,所有结构具有向心性,主张采用以语类为基本划分单位、以X标杆理论为划分依据的二分法。生成语法句法结构二分法能够从理论和经验上区分歧义现象。     

Looking beyond judging and ranking: Writing assessment as a generative practice

Establishing the score or the placement as the first priority in a writing assessment leads to more reductive forms of writing assessment. However, if the prompts used in a direct test of writing were generative – that is, if they asked test-takers to analyze their own experiences as writers or learners, for example – the resulting texts would be useful data beyond the act of producing a ranking or a judgment. Washington State University developed and trialled such a prompt, one that asks students to reflect on their curricular and extra-curricular learning opportunities in relation to the university's Six Learning Goals for the Baccalaureate. The results were texts that demonstrate, among other things, which goals are (and are not) effectively distributed across the curriculum. Using these texts to address outcomes assessment on a university-wide level makes the assessment more valuable than it would be if it merely produced a set of placements. In addition, the richness of the student texts has provided a valuable resource for graduate-level research that is broader and more meaningful than simply training future raters of writing. Further, the raw data have proved to be accessible to researchers with wide-ranging theoretical lenses, meaning that the data yielded by an assessment can become a significant resource for research beyond the needs of the assessment program alone. Given the need for university assessment programs to compete for ever-scarcer resources, exploring the potential of the generative prompt seems in our enlightened self-interest.     

结构语法、生成语法、功能语法之“语法研究”

结构语法认为,语法必须准确地描写语言,描写人们怎样说,而不是用一套条文规定人们应怎样说;语法必须从形式出发,而不是从意义出发,来描写语言。生成语法理论中的语法有两重意思,一是指语言能力;二是指语言学家对说话人/听话人语言能力的描述。生成语法要描述的是各种自然语言所共有的那部分自然语法规则。功能语法所关心的是句法结构与语言使用和社会文化语境之间的相互关系。     

Learning by explaining orally or in written form? Text complexity matters

In this experiment, we examined whether linguistic text complexity affects effects of explaining modality on students’ learning. Students (N = 115) read a high-complex and a low-complex text. Additionally, they generated a written or an oral explanation to a fictious peer. A control group of students retrieved the content. For the low-complex text, we found no significant differences between conditions. For the high-complex text, oral explaining yielded better comprehension than writing explanations. The retrieval condition showed the lowest performance. Mediation analyses revealed that the effect of explaining modality while learning from the high-complex text was mediated by the personal references and the comprehensiveness of the generated explanations. Our findings suggest that the effect of explaining modality emerges when students are required to learn from difficult texts. Furthermore, they show that oral explaining is effective as, likely due to increases of social presence, it triggers distinct generative processes during explaining.     

对乔氏语法发展轨迹的回顾

转换生成语法自上世纪50年代诞生以来,以乔姆斯基为首的语言学家们突破了传统的结构主义的局限,用演绎的方法来揭示语言的本质及其发展规律,掀起了语言学领域的革命。本文在回顾乔氏语法各发展阶段主要特点的基础上揭示了其理论发展的哲学理据。     

In a silent way: student perceptions of silence in community

Abstract

This paper explores young people’s perceptions of the role and value of shared ‘gathered’ silence in the corporate life of a school community. It draws on a small-scale qualitative investigation in a Quaker school setting. There may be particular things to learn about the practice of stillness and silence inherent in the ethos of a Quaker school. The silence referred to in this discussion of its value in schools is a rich, positive ‘strong’ type of silence. This study suggests that shared silent spaces can be both personal and interpersonal. In terms of the former, they may offer valuable opportunities for young people to be still and open to their inner life. Regarding the latter, interpersonal shared community silence may enhance a sense of closeness and connection to one another and perhaps offer some opportunity for freedom from the intrusion of the ‘noise’ of everyday life and the demands of others.     

Gender Difference,Misconceptions and Instruction in Science

The study examined into the relationship between gender and students' misconceptions in science. Two different groups were treated with two different teaching strategies, namely, teaching strategy 1, which is basically didactic in nature, and teaching strategy 11, which incorporates students' misconceptions and applies the Generative Learning Model. Two groups of secondary three students (N=26,27; randomly sampled), underwent 6 weeks of instruction, with the respective strategies mentioned above. Each group consisted of male and female students, the numbers of which resulted from the grouping based on their academic achievements. A constructed and validated diagnostic instrument was used as a means to measure the effectiveness of these two teaching strategies. The findings showed that gender differences did not relate well to students' misconceptions in science. The implications of this finding are discussed.     

Silence or the sound of limpid water: disability,power, and the educationalisation of silence

Abstract

In this article the history of silence is looked at from an educational perspective. By closely examining the way three nineteenth-century authors – who all based their educational theories on concrete experiences with persons with disabilities – have related themselves to silence, it will be argued that silence has been educationalised. Silence has been increasingly integrated in the teacher’s official tool box in order to make sure a new kind of discipline can be encountered in the classroom. The educationalisation of silence that can be found in the works of Jean-Marc Itard, Edouard Seguin and Maria Montessori seems to have been paralleled by a transformation in the way power was wielded over pupils in schools. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, silence seems to have lost its ability to symbolise critique and increasingly to have been used to steer the behaviour of children in a subtle way. In other words, by closely looking at the work of Itard, Séguin and Montessori one can see how silence became an integral part of a new educational landscape that tried to seduce children to do particular things and act in a particular way. In nineteenth-century schools the sound of docility would indeed gradually be replaced by the seduction of silence.     

论我国沉默权制度确立的必要性

刑事沉默权 ,是指刑事诉讼中 ,犯罪嫌疑人、被告人所享有的 ,可以对司法人员的讯问保持沉默 ,而不自证其罪的权利。它起源于英国 ,后逐渐被世界多数国家和许多国际性法律文件所接受。其道德基础在于沉默权属于言论自由的范畴 ,以及应将犯罪嫌疑人、被告人作为平等的社会主体来对待。我国确立沉默权制度的必要性有四 :一是有助于抑制并消除警察暴力 ;二是可以加强犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的防御力量 ;三是它加强了控诉方的举证责任 ;四是它是无罪推定原则的必然要求