学术系统中的社会资本及其效应

学术系统中的社会资本是学者在学术活动中获取和使用的嵌入在学术交流与合作网络中的资源,兼具社会性和学术性,主要表现为毕业院校、师徒关系和任职院校等形式。学术性社会资本既发挥着重要的正面作用,也显示出令人担忧的负面效应。如何面对学术性社会资本以及如何规避它的负面效应就成为优化学术系统运行机制、健全学术制度时不得不予以反思的两个问题。     

台湾大学系所评鉴制度研究

台湾大学评鉴经学门评鉴,校务评鉴演变至系所评鉴.如果说高等教育评鉴中心的设立、系所评鉴机制的设计、评鉴流程的运作标志着大学评鉴在台湾的专业化趋向,那么评鉴结果与系所退场机制的结合则凸显了大学评鉴在台湾的本土化特色.     

知识网络结构、跨界搜索对组织突破性创新的影响:美国人工智能技术领域专利的分析

知识要素之间耦合形成的知识网络结构和跨界搜索是突破性创新形成的前端因素,知识网络结构特征和跨界搜索程度的不同,对突破性创新影响也不同。研究者利用美国人工智能技术领域的专利数据,构建了243家组织的知识网络,并考察了知识网络中心势、结构洞以及跨界搜索对相关组织的影响。研究表明,知识网络中心势、结构洞与组织突破性创新绩效呈正相关的关系;知识网络中心势、结构洞与跨界搜索呈正相关的关系。同时研究也验证了跨界搜索会正向影响突破性创新,并呈现部分中介效应。     

我国农业区水资源-能源-粮食系统协调适配与农业产出——基于人力资本门槛效应的实证

基于2012—2016年我国40个农业区域的面板数据,在考虑人力资本差异的情况下,建立耦合评价模型和面板门槛模型,测度农业区水资源-能源-粮食(WEF)三大主要资源的协调适配程度,并以此为基础,探索WEF系统的协调适配对农业产出的影响。研究发现,(1)我国大部分农业区WEF系统处于临界适配区或耦合失谐区,整体上投入产出存在不匹配的现象,投入要素冗余严重,资源配置效率偏低。(2)WEF系统协调适配与农业产出存在双重门槛,只有当农业从业人员达到较高教育水平时,WEF系统的协调适配对农业产出呈现显著的促进作用。     

新时期我国软科学研究前沿热点研究——基于软科学文献的知识图谱分析(2008-2018)

运用科学计量方法对软科学领域的六大核心期刊(2008—2018年)现状和研究热点进行分析。研究发现,目前我国软科学以国家创新驱动发展战略为主要研究方向,围绕区域创新体系及创新链的热点焦点问题和关键环节开展研究,同时,发现各个参与研究者之间合作紧密。研究运用描述性分析的方法,管窥我国软科学领域研究现状,并对未来发展做出展望,为我国软科学繁荣发展提供参考。     

Do you have confidence in how your rolling stock has been maintained? A blockchain-led knowledge-sharing platform for building trust between stakeholders

This study explores the potential of blockchain technology in enhancing trust among the stakeholders responsible for the maintenance of rolling stock. Although the technology has been widely successful in the financial sector, it is still novel in the maintenance field. Given the customized nature of maintenance processes, it is unclear if a suitable consensus protocol can be identified that can enhance trust among stakeholders. This problem is investigated through the lens of the Design Science Research Methodology. First, the theoretical background of blockchain technology and its role in enhancing trust are explained, followed by the analysis of a current case at a Railway company to test the proof of concept. A business network archive is developed for the maintenance management of the sliding step of the train door system. The archive encompasses the business logic and transactional data required to enhance trust among stakeholders in the quality of performed maintenance. The developed archive is deployed on Hyperledger Fabric and the effectiveness of the solution is evaluated through a survey. The results show that the developed business network, deployed on a customized Hyperledger Fabric consensus protocol, enhanced trust among the stakeholders involved.     

基于知识超网络的碎片化知识非线性融合模型研究

【目的/意义】大数据互联网时代,知识以碎片化形式分散在大数据环境中,加剧了大知识融合的难度,深刻 地影响了知识的组织和创新过程。如何针对大数据环境下碎片化知识的特征,构建出适于系统性的把握知识和解 决复杂问题的知识融合框架就成为大数据知识工程研究的热点问题。【方法/过程】系统性分析了碎片化知识的特 征,在此基础上构建了基于知识超网络的融合框架,探讨了知识融合的标准、知识融合的维度以及知识融合的机 制。【结果/结论】知识超网络模型是碎片化知识非线性融合的一种可行的研究框架,其面向问题的多维、多级、多层 的综合的知识融合模型为大数据环境下碎片化知识的融合提供了新的思路。     

医疗卫生网络信息资源评价综述

通过参考大量国内外有关网络医疗卫生信息资源评价的文献,阐述了网络医疗信息资源评价研究的意义,并将网络医疗卫生信息资源评价方法分为定量评价、定性评价、评价性元数据的方法和综合评价法,对各类方法进行了介绍。最后,对网络医疗卫生信息资源评价的发展趋势作了预测,并阐述了其对医疗卫生事业的影响。     

基于校园网的网络辅助教学系统

结合在操作系统课程教学中开展网络辅助教学的实践,讨论了网络辅助教学的可行性、必要性和主要任务。基于XML技术实现了一个网络辅助教学系统,能够在课后为学生的复习、答疑、测试、师生间的讨论交流以及个性化教学提供服务。     

The evidence for the impact of policy on physical activity outcomes within the school setting: A systematic review

BackgroundDespite the well-established health benefits of physical activity (PA) for young people (aged 4–19 years), most do not meet PA guidelines. Policies that support PA in schools may be promising, but their impact on PA behavior is poorly understood. The aim of this systematic review was to ascertain the level and type of evidence reported in the international scientific literature for policies within the school setting that contribute directly or indirectly to increasing PA.MethodsThis systematic review is compliant with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines. Six databases were searched using key concepts of policy, school, evaluation, and PA. Following title and abstract screening of 2323 studies, 25 progressed to data synthesis. Methodological quality was assessed using standardized tools, and the strength of the evidence of policy impact was described based on pre-determined codes: positive, negative, inconclusive, or untested statistically.ResultsEvidence emerged for 9 policy areas that had a direct or indirect effect on PA within the school setting. These were whole school PA policy, physical education, sport/extracurricular PA, classroom-based PA, active breaks/recess, physical environment, shared use agreements, active school transport, and surveillance. The bulk of the evidence was significantly positive (54%), 27% was inconclusive, 9% was significantly negative, and 11% was untested (due to rounding, some numbers add to 99% or 101%). Frequency of evidence was highest in the primary setting (41%), 34% in the secondary setting, and 24% in primary/secondary combined school settings. By policy area, frequency of evidence was highest for sport/extracurricular PA (35%), 17% for physical education, and 12% for whole school PA policy, with evidence for shared use agreements between schools and local communities rarely reported (2%). Comparing relative strength of evidence, the evidence for shared use agreements, though sparse, was 100% positive, while 60% of the evidence for whole school PA policy, 59% of the evidence for sport/extracurricular PA, 57% of the evidence for physical education, 50% of the evidence for PA in classroom, and 50% of the evidence for active breaks/recess were positive.ConclusionThe current evidence base supports the effectiveness of PA policy actions within the school setting but cautions against a “one-size-fits-all” approach and emphasizes the need to examine policy implementation to maximize translation into practice. Greater clarity regarding terminology, measurement, and methods for evaluation of policy interventions is needed.