A man on the inside: Unlocking communities as complementary assets

Since Teece's seminal paper explaining who were the gainers from technological innovation, increased globalization and the information and communication technology revolution have brought new ways for firms to organize and appropriate from innovation. A new more open model of innovation suggests that firms can benefit from sources of innovation that stem from outside the firm. The central theme of this paper is how firms try to unlock communities as complementary assets. These communities exist outside firm boundaries beyond ownership or hierarchical control. Because of practices developed by communities to protect their work, firms need to assign individuals to work in these communities in order to gain access to developments and, to an extent, influence the direction of the community. Using network analysis we show that some software firms sponsor individuals to act strategically within a free and open source software (FOSS) community. Firm sponsored individuals interact with more individuals than interact with them, and also they seek to interact with central individuals in the community. However, we can see differences in how individuals interact, depending on whether their affiliation is with a dedicated FOSS firm or an incumbent in the software industry. Apparently, some firm managers believe they need ‘a man on the inside’ to be able to gain access to communities.     

超高压技术在中药有效成分提取中的应用

超高压技术在食品杀菌、保藏及某些加工过程中,而且在微生物菌种诱变具有巨大的应用潜力。近年来,人们开始将该技术应用到中药有效成分的提取方面。本文就超高压提取技术的原理、特点以及在中药有效成分提取中的应用等方面进行阐述。     

台湾“开放型”科技产业政策研究

本文以台湾“科技导向”的发展战略为脉络 ,分析了“开放型”科技产业政策产生的动因及实施效果 ;剖析了由“开放”转向“紧缩”的弊端 ;对科技产业政策的稳定性与协同性提出了若干浅见。     

Copyright or copyleft?: An analysis of property regimes for software development

Two property regimes for software development may be distinguished. Within corporations, on the one hand, a Private Regime obtains which excludes all outsiders from access to a firm's software assets. It is shown how the protective instruments of secrecy and both copyright and patent have been strengthened considerably during the last two decades. On the other, a Public Regime among hackers may be distinguished, initiated by individuals, organizations or firms, in which source code is freely exchanged. It is argued that copyright is put to novel use here: claiming their rights, authors write ‘open source licenses’ that allow public usage of the code, while at the same time regulating the inclusion of users. A ‘regulated commons’ is created. The analysis focuses successively on the most important open source licenses to emerge, the problem of possible incompatibility between them (especially as far as the dominant General Public License is concerned), and the fragmentation into several user communities that may result.     

日本公共图书馆地方文献信息(历史照片数据)公开和信息公开化的现状与课题

本文就日本公共图书馆对历史照片、历史文献等人文资源的收集、保存、公开和信息公开化的情况与课题,研讨公共图书馆馆藏资料的电子化和信息公开化的必要性以及未来。迄今为止,日本公共图书馆的主要资料是纸质书籍。大部分公共图书馆尚未对图书馆资料进行电子化,而且也没有采购电子化资料。但是在公共图书馆收集的资料当中,尤其是对地方文献信息进行系统性收集、保存、公开和传承,是日本图书馆法对公共图书馆规定的主要任务之一。在这一点上,中国公共图书馆法也是一样的。保存、公开地方文献最合适的办法是电子化。所以地方文献信息必须要考虑电子化和在网络上公开。另外,在对照片资料进行电子化时除了照片本身,还应该对照片信息(照片年代、拍摄地点、照片内容等)进行登记。但是目前日本公共图书馆在公开历史照片时,对这些内容尚无统一规定。在此,我将介绍日本公共图书馆在历史照片、历史文献的电子化和信息公开化方面的现状,并探讨相关课题,以及对公共图书馆关于数字人文学进行展望。     

科研人员流动中的性别差异研究

[目的/意义]科研人员已成为知识经济时代重要的人才要素,其在全球范围内的流动关乎各国人才战略。分析科研人员流动的性别差异,有助于更好地了解流动模式,同时有利于国家人才引进机制的完善。[研究设计/方法]在分析流动频次、回流倾向、流动时期选择的性别差异基础上,提出三个研究假设,根据假设提取并分析了ORCID数据库中截止2017年底的有跨国流动经历的26,315位科研人员简历。[结论/发现]①科研人员在流动频次上具有显著的性别差异,女性科研人员的流动频次少于男性;当流动次数增加时,对应人员比例降低;②在回流倾向上,女性与男性并无显著差异,英国的男性和西班牙的女性最倾向于回流;③科研人员在流动时期的选择上无显著的性别差异,男女均在职业生涯早期流动更多。[创新/价值]揭示了男女科研人员在流动中的不同倾向,为进一步探讨不同背景和条件下的差异现象及本质并寻求解决方法奠定了基础。     

国外高校图书馆学术出版数字化转型路径研究

近年来,为应对学术出版数字化变革引发的学术资源垄断和用户需求变化,国外的高校图书馆已经投入到学术出版数字化活动中去,并积累了丰富的技术经验,成为了关键参与者。本文以《图书馆出版名录》为参考进行数据统计分析,分别从内容收集、内容存储、开放存取和出版平台等方面展示国外高校图书馆学术出版数字化转型路径,并提出我国高校图书馆可以从利用高校资源、谋求合作伙伴、支持开放存取、合理选择保存系统和出版平台等方面进行学术出版数字化实践。     

Open Source software in US higher education: Reality or illusion?

As institutions of Higher Education try to balance limited resources with the rising costs of technology, some institutions are turning to Open Source software for campus-wide applications such as course management systems and portals. The assumption is that Open Source will provide the flexibility to build pedagogically sound learning environments while increasing technology efficiencies. This paper outlines the current state of Open Source software deployment in US Higher Education based on a survey of 772 Chief Academic Officers and Chief Information Officers conducted in 2006. The results indicate that Carnegie classification is a critical differentiator of awareness, adoption, and perceptions of Open Source software applications, with perceived cost of ownership being the key driver of Open Source adoption. Moreover, the study shows that institutions have made little progress in the development of polices and procedures for Open Source regulatory compliance and security. The study serves as a baseline for future research into the conditions for successful use of Open Source for supporting integrated learning environments that deliver campus-wide efficiencies.

论我国现代远程教育的历史性跨越

现代远程开放教育将是我国教育发展新的增长点,也是深化教育改革的重要组成部分。广播电视大学为我国教育事业的发展做出了重要的历史贡献。今天需要以新的理念,以改革创新的精神,促使广播电视大学向开放大学实现实质性的历史新跨越。在广播电视大学向现代开放大学转型过程中,要重视研究信息技术发展的趋势及其为教育跨越式发展带来的机遇和条件;重视研究我国教育发展新的趋势、特点及其对开放大学提出的新要求。建设一流水平的开放大学,需要下大决心改变现有广播电视大学教学质量不高的状况;处理好资源整合和资源共享问题;创新体制机制,为开放大学整合高等学校优质教育资源提供政策支持;充分利用最先进的现代信息技术,从教育入手实现三网合一;政府切实加大投入和支持力度。     

基于比较医学下维吾尔医学研究浅析

为了解维吾尔医药学的研究现状并将其与藏医学、蒙医学等其它民族医学进行比较研究,采用文献法查阅国内外文献,查阅有关维吾尔医药学与其它民族医学的相关文献,对维吾尔医药学与其它民族医学的比较研究现状进行资料分析,报告了医学体系的比较研究现状,即医学体系的比较研究仅限于中医学与西医学、或中医学与个别民族医学.通过对国内外文献的全面分析后,认为维吾尔医药学与其它民族医学的比较研究,对于深刻认识维吾尔医药学的学术本质,充分理解维吾尔医药学的现实困惑,以及将维吾尔医药学与其它民族医学的个性融汇到世界医学的共性中,取长补短,是提升和发展维吾尔医药学,让维吾尔医药学为人类健康服务发挥作用的关键所在.