从火攻谋略看孙子对战争复杂性的认识

《火攻篇》是《孙子兵法》十三篇这个恢弘体系中一个非常重要的有机组成部分。火攻不仅是古代战争中非常重要的作战方式,同时也是以较少代价夺取更大胜利的重要作战方式之一,更是一种能够体现战争指挥者驾御人与自然的各种复杂关系的作战方式之一。《火攻篇》对我们的启迪是:大千世界的事事物物,都可能是我们手中的一种武器,或成为我们战胜敌人的一个重要因素和条件,而不应当只把自己手中的武器看成是武器。《火攻篇》的慎战思想是孙子对战争复杂性认识的进一步深化,体现了孙子对战争本身复杂性和后果严重性的双重忧虑。     

论远程开放教育的实践教学模式

实践教学是最重要的教学形式与教学环节，它同时具有知识技能内化、知识技能外化双重功能，当前在远程开放教育条件下，实践教学迫切需要进行制度创新和管理创新，充分发挥远程教育时空无限延伸、媒体信息丰富的优势，凸现开放教育的开放性、发展性、未来性特征。从模式的构成、特征、分类等方面，分析了湖南电大的实践教学模式，提出了模式运行环境优化的对策与建议。     

中国古代文学专题"123"教学模式

中国古代文学专题是中央电大开放教育本科汉语言文学专业开设的一门主干必修课程。要上好这门难度较大的课,可以运用“123”的教学模式,即“一个中心,两大基础,三项导学服务”。具体而言,就是以学生自主学习为中心,以网络学习环境配套体系和多种媒体学习资源体系为基础,对学生的自主学习进行引导、辅导和督导。     

结构人类学:人文与科学的统一?

西方思想传统中人文主义与科学理性在近代开始分道扬镳,20世纪结构人类学家列维一斯特劳斯通常被人当作反人文主义的代表,但也有人视其为当代真正的人文主义者。列氏是如何考虑人文与科学之间的问题呢?本文将就其结构人类学著作中的相关言论的分析,试图作出符合列氏思想真实的结论,并借此而探寻人文与科学在网络时代复归统一的根基与意义。     

个别化学习及其模式的建立

论述个别化学习的基本涵义、重要意义，提出远程教育中可供选择的个别化学习模式。     

电视制作实验教学模式探索

电视制作实验是教育电视相关课程教学实践的关键。该研究基于笔者所在学校实际,挖掘开放式实验教学的内涵,以认知学徒制为指导,以项目开发为目标,利用行动研究方法开展教学试验,探索符合学校实际的电视制作实验教学模式,以期对实验教学改革提供参考。     

进一步提高自然科学基金资助项目的创新性之研究

中国国家自然科学基金委员会(NSFC)成立十年来,大力支持基础研究,强调了支持创新的政策,结出了丰硕的成果,证明科技体制改革迈出的这一步是十分正确的.但通过问卷调查,也发现目前无论是从体制、评审程序、资助政策、专家的遴选使用和管理上,都还存在一些不利于创新的因素.如何克服这些不利因素,文中提出了13点具体改进措施     

Convergence of national science and technology policies: the case of Finland

It is a commonly held view that differences in national histories, cultures, political contexts, and the timing of a country’s entry into the industrialization process are reflected as diversity among countries in their goals, priorities, boundaries, directions, ranges, instruments and also in the performance of science and technology policy. This article, which examines development processes of Finnish science and technology policy, concludes that instead of divergence there is such startling convergence of organizational forms and practices. Finland has largely adopted its policy doctrines and instruments from the countries, which from the Finnish perspective, have been considered legitimate and successful.     

A man on the inside: Unlocking communities as complementary assets

Since Teece's seminal paper explaining who were the gainers from technological innovation, increased globalization and the information and communication technology revolution have brought new ways for firms to organize and appropriate from innovation. A new more open model of innovation suggests that firms can benefit from sources of innovation that stem from outside the firm. The central theme of this paper is how firms try to unlock communities as complementary assets. These communities exist outside firm boundaries beyond ownership or hierarchical control. Because of practices developed by communities to protect their work, firms need to assign individuals to work in these communities in order to gain access to developments and, to an extent, influence the direction of the community. Using network analysis we show that some software firms sponsor individuals to act strategically within a free and open source software (FOSS) community. Firm sponsored individuals interact with more individuals than interact with them, and also they seek to interact with central individuals in the community. However, we can see differences in how individuals interact, depending on whether their affiliation is with a dedicated FOSS firm or an incumbent in the software industry. Apparently, some firm managers believe they need ‘a man on the inside’ to be able to gain access to communities.     

《情报科学》引文分析

本文统计了2000年至2002年《情报科学》载文的引文，重点对这些引文(参考文献)的数量、来源、著者、年代和语种等方面进行统计与分析。