原始艺术的发生与特点

原始社会的生活是原始艺术萌生与发展的土壤。原始诗歌伴随劳动产生，其最初阶段，劳动、音乐、诗歌互相紧密联系，三位一体。原始人类以石头、陶器、骨牙器等为物质依托，创造并发展了绘画和雕塑艺术。原始艺术的发生和初期发展，又与原始宗教、原始巫术关系密切。在原始人的宗教信仰中，图腾信仰带有普遍性，其对原始艺术的影响亦带普遍性。原始神话把远古人类的图腾信仰表现出来，带有行为和道德规范化意义。原始的。ｃ理冲动导致原始歌舞的发生。原始先民的“自意识”发展成熟起来，原始艺术便从单纯的自娱性质进入到既自娱又娱人的性质。     

Primary teachers’ experiences with weekly education outside the classroom during a year

The aim of the present study was through semi-structured interviews to explore udeskole teacher’s perceptions of motivational factors and challenges while teaching regularly outside the classroom on a weekly basis during a year. Six females and two male udeskole teachers participated and answered an interview guide containing five themes about their motivations, student relations, teaching experiences, challenges and recognition. Udeskole was perceived to have substantial potentials to improve both academic learning and life skills and ‘the common third’, i.e. teacher–pupil relations, was mentioned as a value added to the indoor teaching. Health and safety issues were not perceived as barriers.     

Injury risks during outdoor play among Swedish schoolchildren: teachers’ perceptions and injury preventive practices

ABSTRACT

Approximately 36,000 Swedish children seek medical care annually because of injuries during school time. The purpose of this field study is to investigate risky outdoor play at the school yard and to describe teachers’ perceptions of risk and safety in relation to learning and development. The study includes observations of children (6–12 years old) during outdoor activities as part of the school’s activities and includes focus-group interviews with teachers and children. Children were seen climbing high in play facilities, speeding down slides, or competing with sticks in the woods. Different views of risk and safety among the participants influence outdoor play activities. Teachers’ knowledge of risk seems to be derived from common sense and personal experiences rather than from a professional perspective. A joint approach of educational and medicine disciplines is desirable when it comes to children’s health and development.     

浅谈现代高校校园环境中的雕塑设计——以武夷学院为例

近年来随着高校的迅速发展,校园景观建设也得到各高校的重视,校园雕塑作为校园景观文化的重要部分,以其独特的艺术方式发挥着审美和教育的功能。本文在探讨现阶段校园雕塑现状和设计原则的基础上,通过分析国内几所高校雕塑建设实例,提出武夷学院校园雕塑建设建议。     

Assessing Learning in the Outdoors with the Field Trip in Natural Environments (FiNE) Framework

The development and application of a framework that captures main characteristics of learning in nature—the Field Trip in Natural Environments (FiNE) framework—is the main outcome of this study that followed up 22 daily field trips of 4–6th grade students to nature parks. The theoretical and practical framework, which was developed based on the research literature and the data collected, allows systematic analysis of various phases of the field trip: preparation, pedagogy, activity and outcomes. The FiNE framework incorporates multiple views of the researchers and participants and examines the pedagogy employed and the outcomes as reported by the participating students. The employment of the framework indicates limited preparation and the use of traditional pedagogies and highlights the importance of social interactions and physical and learning activity. The FiNE framework provides researchers with a plausible scheme to assess various components of field trips to nature and to elucidate possible outcomes of such experiences.     

希腊古典时期雕塑的艺术特色试析

希腊古典时期的雕塑的创作在艺术中上居于重要地位，是西方雕塑作品生发的源头，是开创性艺术，并有自身的特色，希腊古典时期雕塑的题材呈现多样化趋势；并且在表现内容上也有很大的突破；造型艺术充满了现实主义精神。     

Ultrasonic phased array technology for the non-destructive testing of marble sculptures

The medical ultrasonic phased array technology was modified for the non-destructive testing of marble sculptures and the feasibility of the approach was evaluated. For this purpose, 1?MHz, 64-channel phased array electronic and phased array transducers were developed. The specifications of the electronics and the transducers are presented and discussed. Ultrasound images of inner structures of a marble sculpture are presented. The problem of the acoustic matching layers for different states of deterioration is discussed and the developments in view of a suitable matching layer solution are presented. This matching layer is combined with a new coupling technique that protects the marble surface. The results of experiments on ultrasound phantoms and on a marble sculpture are presented.     

论山西大同云冈石窟雕塑的社会功能与当代意义

大同云冈石窟是北魏时代佛教文化传播和发展的见证。从审美人类学角度把云冈石窟放在一个大的社会文化背景之下,不仅仅考察当时的＂语境＂,同时也考察云冈石窟在现代的社会文化背景下所反映的审美现象,考察其在北魏时期以及当代社会里作为雕塑作品的社会功能与意义。