希腊古典时期的战争对雅典城市的影响

历时近50年之久的希波战争,希腊人最终取胜波斯.雅典城邦逐渐成为希腊世界的主宰.雅典城市在雅典城邦乃至整个希腊世界的中心地位由此得到进一步的提升、加强和巩固.而在伯罗奔尼撒战争中,雅典失利,加剧城邦危机,维护和扩展雅典城市作为城邦政治、经济、文化中心的诸多因素逐渐失去,雅典城市不再是"全希腊人的学校",随雅典城邦的衰落而式微.     

Lead White or Lead Whites? Reconsideration of Methods of sefidāb-i-sorb Production in Iran

Lead white is widely used as a white pigment in the history of Persian painting. This paper focuses on three Persian treatises dated between the twelfth and the sixteenth century, which explained different manufacturing methods of lead white or sefidāb-i-sorb. Experimental reconstruction of each recipe to access the comprehensive meaning of the text and analytical studies with X-ray powder diffraction on products of recipes revealed white compounds other than the previously known products of hydrocerussite (Pb(OH)₂?·?PbCO₃) and cerussite (PbCO₃) in samples. Chlorine-containing raw materials mentioned in these recipes lead to the chemical products of laurionite (Pb(OH)Cl), blixite (Pb₈O₅(OH)₂Cl₄), and phosgenite (Pb₂Cl₂(CO)₃) in the final products. These data lead to the hypothesis of the discrepancy of the lead white pigment between Iran and Europe and a marked probability of other compounds in historic Persian lead white samples.     

甘英出使大秦受阻原因分析

汉和帝永元九年(公元97年)甘英出使大秦,到达地为今天的波斯湾沿岸,由于大海阻隔,未能完成使命。本文对学术界有关甘英出使大秦中途而返的原因进行了分析,认为甘英返回是多种原因造成的,史书中记载的"海中有思慕之物,往者莫不悲怀"是阻止甘英渡海的最直接原因。     

Experimental Research Exploring the Efficacy of Using Spectral Analysis for Dating Persian Ceramics,with a Blue Glaze or Presenting Blue Motifs

This paper presents experimental research on the contribution made by spectral analysis to the identification and dating of Persian ceramics with a blue glaze or blue motifs. Since we know that the characteristic blue colour of these ceramics can vary according to their composition and traditions of manufacture that are specific to the different centuries in which they were created, it would be interesting to determine whether a non-destructive and non-invasive method of analysis would be possible to date the ceramic without altering the object itself. To do this, 72 ceramics from the Royal Ontario Museum of Toronto, as well as 2 other dishes (a Qajar dish from the nineteenth century and a dish from the twentieth century) were photographed and readings of the blue colour present on the objects were processed using the ImageJ software. Colour values obtained were then plotted on a graph and sorted by century for analysis. This study shows that it is possible to date Persian ceramics using a photograph, a spectrometer, and calibrating software, to establish the century in which a Persian ceramic with blue glaze or blue motif was made.     

Celestial and mythical origins of the citadel of Bukhara

Narshakhī's The History of Bukhara, an account from the tenth century AD that has been narrated as a mythical and strange story about the formation of the citadel of Bukhara, has received scanty scholarly attention. This study addresses some of the unknown semantic and symbolic origins of Iranian citadels and fortresses through an analysis of documented legends and other classical sources. This analysis shows that the citadel (qal'a) was built based on the conceptual archetype of the Utopia of Kangdiz (Siāvošgerd) and the geometric shape of Banāt Naʿsh (Big Dipper), which has played a symbolic role in protecting and guarding in Persian cosmology. This celestial analogy can explain the causes and origins of the irregular shape of some other Iranian citadels.     

Use of Reference in the Narratives of Kurdish-Persian Bilingual Children

This study investigates some of the differences and similarities between Kurdish-Persian bilinguals and Persian monolinguals with respect to the use of referring expressions in spoken narratives. The narratives were elicited from 36 participants, consisting of 24 bilinguals （Groups l and 2） and 12 monolinguals （Group 3） in the first four grades of primary school using picture narrative book. The results have revealed that Group 1 （bilinguals told the story in Kurdish） used definite noun phrases most frequently followed by zero anaphors, indefinite noun phrases, and pronouns. Group 2 who narrated the story in Persian produced definite nouns most frequently followed by pronouns, zero anaphors, and indefinite noun phrases. Group 3 （Persian monolinguals） employed definite noun phrases most frequently followed by zero anaphors, pronouns, and indefinite noun phrases. The significant difference between Groups 1 and 2 and Groups 2 and 3 has been in indefinite noun phrases and between Groups 1 and 3 in the use of pronouns. One reason is that children universally apply similar strategies regardless of their first language （L l）. The conclusion is that some of the differences are due to the difference in the structure between Persian and the dialects of Kurdish.     

茂陵瓦当图案的文化内涵和思想渊源

近年在茂陵及其陪葬墓区所发现的汉代瓦当是我国古代瓦当发展序列中不可或缺的组成部分,是西汉社会意识形态的产物,其所承载的文化信息十分丰富,它反映了封建统治者渴望长生不老、希冀统治政权能够传之万世的意志和奢望.这些瓦当现珍藏于茂陵博物馆,为研究茂陵陵寝建筑装饰工艺、汉代书法艺术以及当时人们的审美、道德观念提供了重要的实物资料.