Technical replicas of Portuguese ceramic tile bodies produced in the Oporto region in the late nineteenth to early twentieth centuries

Portugal is well known for its facades decorated entirely with ornamented glazed ceramic wall tiles called azulejos. On ageing, the tiles may detach and fall off, or deteriorate to such an extent that it becomes necessary to replicate them. Hence tile replication is a common practice in Portugal for façade restoration, but very often these new tiles do not have the same physical and/or chemical properties as the original ones. Such differences might be a factor in differential deterioration of the façades after restoration. One step toward an improvement in compatibility is to make new ceramic bodies with the same characteristics as the original ones. This study focuses on two types of glazed ceramic wall tiles from the Oporto region in Portugal: ‘calcic faience’ and pó de pedra. A total of 25 samples from the late nineteenth to early twentieth centuries were studied systematically as an attempt to improve knowledge of these materials and to create a basis for their replication. All samples were collected from facades that were under conservation/restoration at the time when sampling was performed. The original traditional ceramic bodies were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence. Total open porosity, capillary absorption coefficient, and mercury intrusion porosimetry were also measured in order to gain knowledge on their physical characteristics in addition to their chemical and mineralogical compositions. High-temperature crystalline phases such as diopside, gehlenite, and mullite were found in the calcic faience, suggesting that the firing temperature of calcic faience bodies was within the range of 1100–1150?°C. Calcination trials were also performed in order to determine the most probable firing temperatures of the ceramic bodies. Collected data led to the assumption that the raw materials used for the ceramic bodies were kaolinitic clay, quartz sand, limestone, and talc. The raw materials for pó de pedra tiles were found to include kaolinite clay and quartz with firing temperatures estimated within the temperature range of 1150–1360?°C. Technical replicas made on the basis of these investigations were found to have the same mineralogical and capillary properties as the original tiles.     

Introducing an archival collecting model for the records created by South African Portuguese community organisations

This article is based on a study which aimed at broadening archival representation by investigating how to bring the contemporary history of the South African Portuguese community into the country’s archival heritage. To achieve this aim, the study sought to develop an archival collecting model for the records generated by Portuguese community-based organisations, since these materials are deemed an important source for preserving the social history, memories and experiences of an under-documented group, such as the Portuguese in South Africa. National and international sources were analysed and reviewed, and an empirical investigation to examine the Portuguese community organisations was conducted, in order to gain an understanding of the most effective strategies for collecting, managing and preserving these records. This article therefore proposes an archival collecting model for the records generated by South African Portuguese community-based organisations which demonstrates the processes, resources and other factors that are necessary to establish and sustain an archival collecting initiative for the Portuguese community in South Africa. It is hoped that, in addition to benefitting the Portuguese community, the model will also benefit other underdocumented communities in South Africa interested in preserving their histories and experiences.     

卫生陶瓷自洁净釉配方研究

在基础乳浊釉配方中,加入适量的作为杀菌剂的二氧化钛、硝酸银以及作为催化剂的氧化镧、氧化钕进行自洁净釉配方实验。实验结果表明,硝酸银、二氧化钛、氧化镧、氧化钕的加入量分别为5%,5%,0.013%,0.013%时,陶瓷制品釉面的洁净效果和杀菌效果较好。     

利用固体废料制备陶瓷环保生态砖的探索

以石墨尾矿,粉煤灰,煤矸石,垃圾焚烧灰等固体废料为主要原料研制陶瓷环保生态砖.讨论了固体废料加入量、颗粒级配及造孔剂等对陶瓷环保生态砖制备工艺及性能的影响.并制备出性能指标达到国外标准的样品.     

均匀设计法研究SrTiO_3多功能陶瓷的涂覆离子热扩散

采用均匀设计液相涂覆热扩散方法，研究了涂覆离子，热扩散条件等对SrTiO3系陶瓷电性能的影响；用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）作微观分析，X射线能谱仪作元素分析，证实钠离子（Na＋）的涂覆热扩散未在陶瓷晶粒之间产生新相，钠离子（Na＋）在晶粒内表面形成了一扩散层，讨论了扩散条件与电性能的内在联系．     

试析中葡礼貌用语的差异

礼貌用语是人们成功地进行社会交际的重要因素。汉语和葡萄牙语的礼貌用语差异可从语言本身、语用和文化三方面体现出来。本文通过对中葡一系列日常礼貌用语(包括称呼语)的语义对比和语用、文化上的举例分析,阐述了这些差异对中葡跨文化交际造成的影响。     

Implementing the National Curriculum at Key Stage 2

Abstract

Since 1989, the Portuguese education system has undergone curricular reform which has introduced deep structural changes to the subject of physical education (PE). PE has become a compulsory and examinable subject within the ‘core curriculum’ of all school years (1 st to 12th grade). National curricular plans for basic and secondary education have also been introduced. This paper provides a view of the political options which have underpinned the present curricular project of PE in Portugal and compares practices in that country with those in Belgium. The analysis first describes the ‘curriculum as text’ before focusing attention on the ‘curriculum as action’. The analysis explores the nature of teachers’, pupils’ and parents’ beliefs, values and attitudes that together mediate the curriculum as text, help define contexts of PE, and influence public and political attitudes towards the subject. The paper points to the importance of both researchers and teachers for the development of effective teaching and learning in PE.     

多孔陶瓷管式露点间接蒸发冷却器的设计计算

为了提高管式间接蒸发冷却器壁面的亲水性,提出了一种采用多孔陶瓷材料的新方法.该方法将多孔陶瓷材料与蒸发冷却技术有机结合,从一次空气风量和二次空气风量、一次空气状态参数和二次空气状态参数、冷却器结构、固体多孔陶瓷管的传热以及冷却器阻力等方面对多孔陶瓷管式露点间接蒸发冷却器进行了设计计算.计算结果表明该设计合理可行.最后,依据设计制作出多孔陶瓷管式露点间接蒸发冷却器.     

压电陶瓷驱动的柔性悬臂梁PPF振动控制实验研究

针对柔性悬臂梁的振动问题,开展了PPF振动控制实验研究．首先研究了单模态PPF控制器和多模态PPF控制的主动控制技术,介绍了各控制参数的调整方法,然后建立柔性悬臂梁的实验装置,对系统进行了参数辨识,并进行了PPF控制实验．实验结果表明,压电陶瓷驱动的PPF振动控制对柔性悬臂梁振动抑制具有良好的效果,而且设计方法简单,易于工程实现．