Teachers’ reflections of professional change during a literacy-reform initiative

Policymakers recently have targeted teacher quality, and school systems have increased their attention to instructional reform through professional development. The purpose of this study was to examine teachers’ views about the change process and professional development that supports change. Semi-structured focus-group data were gathered from 41 primary-grades teachers (students ages 5–9) across five schools in a high-poverty urban district that participated in a 2-year literacy-reform initiative. Results indicated that teachers viewed the change process from two stances: as learners and as change agents. Three conditions supported their professional growth: professional development embedded in school and classroom contexts, professional development focused on limited and clearly defined learning goals, and on-demand access to time and resources. Changes that occurred did so in three phases: movement from curriculum-centered to student-centered practices, increased collaboration, and requests for policy changes via teacher autonomy and advocacy for students.     

浅论英语阅读教学的文化导入

英语教学的终极目标之一是培养学生用语言进行跨文化交际的能力。英语阅读教材蕴涵着丰富的社会文化内容,学生有必要认知。教学中的文化导入是学生走进它、认知它的重要方式。这些文化知识的获取对培养学生跨文化交际能力确有指导意义。文章对英语阅读教学中文化导入的意义、内容、原则、方法等进行初步论述,为英语学习者抛砖引玉。     

Phonemic awareness,naming, visual symbol processing,and reading

This study examined differences between adequate and poor readers in phonemic awareness, rapid continuous and confrontation naming, and visual symbol processing. It also investigated which of these skills make independent contributions to word recognition, pseudoword reading, and reading comprehension. Subjects were 170 school referrals of average intelligence, aged 6 to 10 years. The strongest differentiators of adequate and poor readers, with IQ and reading experience controlled, were phonemic awareness, naming speed for letters and pictured objects, and visual symbol processing. Letter naming speed made the largest independent contribution to word recognition, phonemic awareness to pseudoword reading, and object naming speed to reading comprehension. Confrontation picture naming accounted for minimal variance in reading skills, when IQ was controlled. It was concluded that tasks of naming speed, phonemic awareness, and visual symbol processing are valuable components of a diagnostic battery when testing children with possible reading disability.     

根据“借还历史”,提高导读水平

目前,高校图书馆几乎都用计算机进行管理。计算机程序中有一栏“借还历史”．分析“借还历史”可获得有关读者的重要信息。通过这些信息,我们可以为读者提供更多更好的服务。     

Structural invariance in the associations of naming speed,phonological awareness,and verbal reasoning in good and poor readers: A test of the double deficit hypothesis

The associations of multiple measures of speeded naming, phonological awareness, and verbal intelligence with word reading were examined in 51 poor readers and 74 good readers in third and fourth grade. Structural equation modeling was used to determine the extent to which these two groups exhibited structurally invariant patterns of associations among the constructs. Results revealed that for poor readers, both speeded naming and phonological awarencess were significantly associated with word reading, but verbal intelligence had no association with it. In contrast, for good readers, phonological awareness and verbal intelligence were significantly associated with word reading, but naming speed was not. Findings are discussed in light of the double deficit hypothesis.     

Children's literacy environments and early word recognition subskills

First-grade children completed a battery of tasks that included standardized measures of word recognition and spelling, measures of phonological and orthographic processing skill, and a short indicator of exposure to print via home literacy experiences. Phonological and orthographic processing skill were separable components of variance in word recognition. Orthographic processing ability accounted for variance in word recognition ability even after the variance in three phonological processing measures had been partialed. Additionally, variance in orthographic processing ability not explained by phonological abilities was reliably linked to differences in print exposure. The print exposure measure was not, however, linked to the measures of phonological processing. This finding was unexpected but it is consistent with some previous research. The theoretical implications of this result are discussed.     

图式理论与图式阅读教学初探

现代认知心理学的图式理论是阅续心理学领域研究阅读理解过程的主流理论，文章图式有助于提高阅读效率和阅读质量，使读者知识的结构化、系统化程度大为提高，和常规教学相比，图式教学更能有效地提高学生的阅读理解能力和推理能力。     

From letter names to word reading: The nascent role of sublexical fluency

Information processing theory suggests that sublexical fluency skills are important to word reading development, but there are few supportive data. This study investigated if sublexical fluency (letter name fluency, letter sound fluency, and phoneme segmentation fluency) contributed to the development of word reading and spelling in 92 kindergarten children. The pattern of findings suggests that, as early as kindergarten, sublexical fluency skills explain a small, but significant, amount of unique variance in literacy outcomes when also considering the influence of accuracy in these skills. Also, growth in sublexical fluency skills is related to both word reading and spelling proficiency at the end of kindergarten. We suggest that knowledge of early literacy skill development may be enhanced by attention to sublexical fluency and that these skills, specifically letter sound fluency, may provide the mechanism that supports early word reading and spelling.     

论当代世界各国高考改革的价值取向

当前,世界各国高考改革体现了一些共同的价值取向：公平是高考改革的永恒追求,效率是高考改革的发展方向,以考生为本是高考改革的落脚点。把握世界各国高考改革的价值取向和发展趋势,可对我国高考改革提供有益的启示。     

高中生阳光阅读:目标、对象、策略及效用

“基于心性品德涵养的高中语文自主学习研究”,引导被试学生亲近名著,拥抱经典,饶益身心。首先重新认识书本阅读对于人们完善德性、增进福祉所蕴涵的终极关怀要义;据此而实行阳光阅读,规避负面阅读、无谓阅读等可能招致的心灵污染和光阴虚掷;且能高扬信念,端正态度,善施策略,对字纸书本代表的人类文化给予应有尊重,加以高效摄取。从而达成“读好书,好读书;读善书,善读书;精选名著,整本摄取;以读引思,读思济用”的效用预期,促进被试心性品德素养和语文核心素养的提高。