On standardization of the Activity Index

Relative Specialization Index (RSI) was introduced as a simple transformation of the Activity Index (AI), the aim of this transformation being standardization of AI, and therefore more straightforward interpretation. RSI is believed to have values between −1 and 1, with −1 meaning no activity of the country (institution) in a certain scientific field, and 1 meaning that the country is only active in the given field. While it is obvious from the definition of RSI that it can never be 1, it is less obvious, and essentially unknown, that its upper limit can be quite far from 1, depending on the scientific field. This is a consequence of the fact that AI has different upper limits for different scientific fields. This means that comparisons of RSIs, or AIs, across fields can be misleading. We therefore believe that RSI should not be used at all. We also show how an appropriate standardization of AI can be achieved.     

The Social and Historic Construction of Professional Values in Conservation

Summary

This paper discusses the social history of the emergence of conservation as a profession distinct from traditional restoration. It proposes that the development of conservation as a distinct field came about through the evolution of an existing area of practice, in a changing conceptual climate which increasingly acknowledged the necessity for, and the legitimacy of the scientific model. This paper considers the changes in societal values that led conservators to hold their present ethical principles, values and beliefs, focusing on two in particular: the importance of preserving the integrity of the object, and the belief that the best way to do this is through the application of science.     

利用累积湿润指数分析江淮地区农业旱涝时空变化

提出了一个农业旱涝气象指标一一累积湿润指数。该指标以相对湿润度指数为基础,通过确定不同区域综合农田作物系数对参考作物蒸散量进行订正,并考虑前期旱涝程度对当前旱涝状况的累积影响,从而具有农业意义。用土壤墒情指标对该指标进行分区域旬旱涝等级的确定和检验,其定量符合率为60％-70％,定性符合率为80％．90％。利用该指标分析近30年江淮地区农业旱涝时空变化的结果表明,从多年平均意义上江淮地区农田水分状况能满足作物需求,湿润程度湿润区高于半湿润区。农业旱涝年际变化大,变异率北部大于南部。北部旱涝并存,春旱、夏秋和秋冬连旱频率高,夏季洪涝严重;南部总体湿润,以涝居多,但夏秋干旱频发。在气候变化导致江淮地区降水格局发生变化的条件下,近年来北部夏季洪涝,南部夏秋旱问题突出,值得关注。     

辽宁省水资源利用相对效率的时空分异

水资源短缺成为经济发展中重要的制约因素,目前解决这一问题行之有效的途径之一就是提高用水效率。根据辽宁省14个城市1999年～2005年的相关数据,选择生活用水和生产用水以及最基本的生产要素劳动力、固定资产投资和土地等作为输入指标,以地区生产总值(GDP)为输出指标,运用数据包络分析计算出各指标的规模冗余率与技术冗余率,进而计算出用水相对效率,并对其在时空上的分异特征进行了研究,这可为水资源的合理利用提供借鉴和参考。进一步研究发现,水资源利用的规模冗余率与人均GDP的关系同库兹涅茨理论相吻合,而技术冗余率与人均GDP呈负相关关系,从而为人们利用规律制定相关的政策提供理论依据。     

喀斯特地区相对水资源承载力研究——以贵州省为例

本文采用相对资源承载力的研究方法,以贵州省为例,分别选取全国和湖北省为参照区,进行了喀斯特地区相对水资源承载力的研究。进而得出,贵州省水资源总量虽相当丰富,但受喀斯特发育的影响,其实际的水资源承载力并不高。水资源总量上,相对全国和湖北省来说,贵州省的水资源可承载的人口数和GDP量都远远超过其实际的人口数和GDP量;但水资源利用量上,贵州省水资源可承载的人口数远低于其实际的人口数,处于严重超载状态, 而可承载的GDP量又远高于其实际的GDP量,处于相当富余状态。在水资源总量相当的情况下,一般喀斯特地区水资源承载力低于非喀斯特地区;喀斯特地区水资源利用量可承载的GDP远高于其实际的GDP量;与非喀斯特地区相比,在一定时间限度内,喀斯特地区水资源承载力会有更大的开发潜力。     

Solid-state intramolecular motions in continuous fibers driven by ambient humidity for fluorescent sensors

One striking feature of molecular rotors is their ability to change conformation with detectable optical signals through molecular motion when stimulated. However, due to the strong intermolecular interactions, synthetic molecular rotors have often relied on fluid environments. Here, we take advantage of the solid-state intramolecular motion of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) molecular rotors and one-dimensional fibers, developing highly sensitive optical fiber sensors that respond to ambient humidity rapidly and reversibly with observable chromatic fluorescence change. Moisture environments induce the swelling of the polymer fibers, activating intramolecular motions of AIE molecules to result in red-shifted fluorescence and linear response to ambient humidity. In this case, polymer fiber provides a process-friendly architecture and a physically tunable medium for the embedded AIE molecules to manipulate their fluorescence response characteristics. Assembly of sensor fibers could be built into hierarchical structures, which are adaptive to diverse-configuration for spatial-temporal humidity mapping, and suitable for device integration to build light-emitting sensors as well as touchless positioning interfaces for intelligence systems.     

Mechanism of craquelure pattern formation on panel paintings

The drying shrinkage accumulation from exposure of freshly prepared gesso layers to relative humidity (RH) cycles was determined to elucidate the mechanism of craquelure pattern formation on panel paintings. The progresive drying shrinkage of the gesso is observed only under the cycles going to high RH levels which bring about transitions from brittle to ductile state of the material. The first incidence of fracture on the gesso layers occurred after a limited number of cycles ranging between a few and 100 for a range of layer thickness between 0.5 and 1?mm. The craquelure patterns stabilised also after a limited number of cycles (30 for the 1-mm thick layer). Upon increase in the gesso layer thickness, the strength of the layer is reduced and the spacing of shrinkage fractures increases. The study demonstrated that craquelure patterns, mimicking historical ones, can be realistically produced in laboratory conditions. Such studies would provide useful information for preparing specimens simulating historic panel paintings and would inform the current efforts on automatic, computer-aided classifications of crack formations on paintings.     

辫子monoidal范畴上MH的相关Hopf模

设(H,σ)是余拟三角Hopf代数,则MH是辫子monoidal范畴MH上的相关Hopf模的基本结构定理是MH上的Hopf模的基本结构定理的推广。     

温室大棚环境参数自动测控系统研究

针对温室大棚内温度、湿度以及二氧化碳浓度等环境参数,设计开发一种以单片机为核心处理器,综合运用计算机控制技术、电子技术和自动化技术的参数自动测控系统。该测控系统结构简单、低成本、高效率,运行可靠性和可移植性好,具有良好的应用前景。