Influences of the Digest Classification System: What Can We Know?

Robert C. Berring has called West Publishing Company's American Digest System “the key aspect of the new form of legal literature” that West and other publishers developed in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Berring argued that West's digests provided practicing lawyers not only the means for locating precedential cases, but a “paradigm for thinking about the law itself” that influenced American lawyers until the development of online legal research systems in the 1970s. This article discusses questions raised by Berring's scholarship, and examines the late nineteenth and early twentieth century legal environment in which the West digests were created and became essential research tools for American lawyers.     

A Pedagogy of Sight: Microscopic Vision in Robert Hooke's Micrographia

Robert Hooke's Micrographia (1665) holds an important place in the history of scientific visual rhetoric. Hooke's accomplishment lies not only in a stunning array of engravings, but also in a “pedagogy of sight”—a rhetorical framework that instructs readers how to view images in accordance with an ideological or epistemic program. Hooke not only taught his readers how to view a new kind of image, but recruited potential contributors to the program of natural philosophy. In particular, Hooke taught his readers to see microscopic specimens as mechanical bodies, as evidence of divine creation, and as pleasant entertainment.     

Determinants of foster care placement for the maltreated child

This study examined the records of the North Carolina Central Registry of Child Abuse and Neglect to determine which social, family, and child characteristics were most influential in the decision to place a child in foster care. These records contained all theoretically relevant factors as well as demographic data. Analysis included the computation of odds ratios for foster care for each of 250 variables. A maximum likelihood logistic regression model was constructed to obtain the independent and cumulative contribution of each factor. Some expected variables such as parental stress factors (substance abuse) and types of abuse (burns and scalds) placed a child at a significant risk for placement in foster care (p < 0.01). However, less obvious factors such as referral source (law enforcement agencies) or geographic area also placed children at risk. Overall, the model explained little of the variance of these decisions (R² = 0.168) and poorly predicted placement (sensitivity 66.3 per cent, specificity 74.6 per cent). Using existing data. we were unable to adequately describe the decision process in selecting foster care.     

It is Not Easy To Make A Choice In Our Life——An Interpretation of the Poem The Road Not Taken By Robert Frost

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修墙乎?拆墙乎?--浅析罗伯特·弗罗斯特《修墙》的复杂性

罗伯特.弗罗斯特,20世纪美国著名的诗人,他的诗以意象独特、寓意深长而著称,往往给读者看似简单其实复杂的感觉。《修墙乎?拆墙乎?》从弗罗斯特在《修墙》中所运用的反讽和隐喻手法等方面来分析该诗的复杂性。     

Profession, “performance”, and policy: teachers,examinations, and the state in England and Wales, 1846–1862

Abstract

When historians discuss the impact of examinations on elementary education in mid-Victorian England and Wales they typically focus on the Revised Code of 1862. The Revised Code is famous for instituting a policy of “payment-by-results” for teachers in state-supported voluntary schools. “Payment-by-results” made government grants to schools – and, by extension, for teachers’ salaries – contingent upon student attendance and pass rates in reading, writing and arithmetic. As this article emphasises, however, “payment-by-results” was not the first, or even the most significant, instance in which competitive examination was used by the state as an instrument for establishing the pedagogical fitness and salaries of teachers. Less often explored by historians is the formative role that state-mandated competitive examinations for teachers played in developing a professionally aspirant body of schoolteachers and, consequently, the schoolteachers’ later role in developing competitive examination as a broad-scale national accreditation apparatus. But while the use of competitive examinations came to shape modern British academic and professional life in fundamental ways, the strengthening effects that they had for certain occupations and institutions, such as physicians, civil servants and middle-class secondary schools, were in fact ultimately denied to state teachers and the elementary education sector generally. With the introduction of “payment-by-results” in 1862, competitive examinations were converted into an instrument that weakened rather than strengthened teachers’ professional identity and policy influence. This article explains how the nineteenth-century English state structured examinations and examination results to manipulate the professional status of teachers in order to suit state priorities during different stages of national development. This historical narrative is framed in reference to present-day examination-based reforms of teacher compensation systems such as performance-related-pay and value-added modelling.     

中国境内的第一份近代化中文期刊──《杂闻篇》考

本文将根据在英国发现的刊物原件所作的考证,推断1833年由马礼逊创办的中文期刊——《杂闻篇,》是中国境内出版的第一份近代化中文期刊、第一份用铅活字排印的期刊、澳门历史上第一份中文期刊。     

沟通与互动:大学领导力的文化与解释学分析

文化与解释学是大学领导力研究的一个独特视角。大学领导力的内涵应从领导过程和有效领导力判定层面进行界定,不仅要看领导者的所作所为,更应考察其潜在追随者的反应方式。大学有效领导力的产生与形成在于领导者与学校成员间良性的沟通与互动方式,其目的在于通过改变沟通模式,促使模范型领导力的实现。因此,从具体层面看,要提高大学领导力,除拥有工具型领导力之外,更重要的是必须运用沟通手段,充分考虑学校成员的意见、态度与价值观,大力提升与增强解释型领导力。