教育星空下的艰难探索——我从事教育史研究40年的回顾和感悟

1980年我调到中央教育科学研究所从事教育史研究,至今已经整整40年。回顾我的求学与治学之路,有很多东西值得咀嚼。在克服困难、推进学术上我主要有以下几点体会:一是教育史研究者要打好基础,重视资料建设;二是教育史研究者要虚怀若谷,崇尚独立思考;三是教育史研究者要反躬自省,坚守学术底线。     

A proactive targeted approach to preventing adolescent aggressive behaviours

The aim of this research was to critically examine methods for reducing incidences of aggression within adolescence. To achieve this aim, a proactive intervention programme was devised and implemented aimed at changing attitudes towards physical and relational aggression through social skills education within the College’s tutorial programme. The research involved the implementation of an intervention programme that consisted of three workshops based on social skills training, problem solving and anger management techniques, the development of empathic skills, education on the role of the bystander, and victimisation prevention strategies (N = 158). Two self-report questionnaires were administered, pre-test and post-test to analyse the effectiveness of the intervention programme. The questionnaires included measures of attitude towards physical and relational aggression; victimisation; popularity and aggression; bystander and victimisation beliefs; and empathy towards victims. A control group completed the two questionnaires in the same time frame but without undertaking the intervention workshops. Post implementation, aggression scores for both physical and relational aggression significantly decreased for the intervention group against a control. Additionally, popularity was found to positively correlate with both physical and relational aggression. This study highlights the necessity for intervention programmes in educational environments in terms of the shaping of prosocial attitudes of students and to ensure the safeguarding of students.     

简析明治维新后日本对台湾的侵略

16世纪末至17世纪初，日本曾多次侵犯台湾，都被明朝军民击退。明治维新以后，日本的军事实力增强，侵略性高涨，在美英等列强支持下，日本大举侵略台湾，1894—1895年甲午中日战争使腐朽的满清政府战败割台，日本对台湾实行了长达半个世纪的殖民统治。这证明了一条真理：落后就要挨打．中国只有走有中国特色的社会主义道路，增强综合国力，才能在世界强国中永远立于不败之地。     

抗战时期的阎锡山

抗战时期，阎锡山采取战时的经济政策、政治措施，组织战时军工生产，进行战时宣传鼓动，大力发展教事业，对抗战胜利起了重要作用。     

长征对敌我心理的影响分析

长征不仅具有非凡的军事和政治意义,在由国内战争向民族战争转变之际,对社会各阶级的心理影响也是巨大的,它增强了共产党人的胜利自信心和革命使命感,提高了社会号召力,赢得民众信任,也滋长了国民党内部对“剿共”战争的抵触情绪。     

杭州市低龄儿童语言暴力现状的调查研究

语言暴力是普遍存在于低龄儿童之间的一种侵犯行为。我国此项研究开展的较晚,现有的研究主要停留在调查分析欺负行为现状的层面,尚未针对低龄儿童语言暴力进行探讨。本研究通过对低龄儿童语言暴力现象的研究,运用儿童心理学的相关理论,结合问卷调查和访谈的结果,得出如下结论：小学校园里语言暴力问题比较严重,卷入到语言暴力行为中的低龄儿童比例较高;低龄儿童语言暴力行为具有非隐蔽性和非团体性; 后果认知能力与移情能力与实施语言暴力行为有关;家庭教养方式、同伴数目、父母的应对方式与受语言暴力儿童的受欺负地位形成有关。     

Structuring collaboration in mixed-ability groups to promote verbal interaction,learning, and motivation of average-ability students

Average-ability students often do not take full advantage of learning in mixed-ability groups because they hardly engage in the group interaction. This study examined whether structuring collaboration by group roles and ground rules for helping behavior might help overcome this participatory inequality. In a plant biology course, heterogeneously grouped fourth-grade boys (n=164) were randomly assigned to a structured collaboration condition or an unconstrained comparison condition. Results indicated positive effects of structured collaboration on average-ability students’ achievement, motivation, and contribution to the group interaction. Another positive result was that structuring collaboration did not lower the scores of the high and low-ability students on these measures.     

Parental Response to Child's Incongruence: Verbal versus Nonverbal Primacy in Parent–child Interactions

Whereas the question of verbal versus nonverbal primacy has gained intensive interest, considerably less attention has been devoted to parental response to children's verbal/nonverbal incongruence. This study comprehensively analyzed parental responses to children's incongruence during mutual interactions. Parent–child interactions (n = 160) in structured joint game sequences were filmed in their homes and analyzed using a mixed multivariate design. Unexpectedly, parents related almost equally to verbal and nonverbal channels. The analysis of a wide range of social and situational contexts, including child's sex, parent's sex, SES, and task difficulty, highlighted their significant effects and delineated the contexts that activated verbal primacy, nonverbal primacy, and incongruent responses. This study provides a composite theoretical framework for the relative dominance of verbal versus nonverbal communication.     

理工科院校抑郁症状大学生攻击性特点及防治

目的:调查理工科院校抑郁症状大学生的攻击性特点。方法:首先运用Beck抑郁问卷筛选抑郁症状大学生,其次运用自编抑郁症状大学生攻击性特点问卷调查研究抑郁症状大学生的攻击性特点;结果:抑郁症状大学生的攻击性在不同的因子上存在着显著的性别差异;抑郁症状大学生的攻击性特点在年级上没有表现出过多的显著差异,统计学意义不大;抑郁症状大学生的攻击性在专业方面有非常显著的差异,主要表现为艺术专业学生的攻击性要强于文科和理工科学生。结论:不同性别抑郁症状大学生的攻击性方式有显著差异;年级因素在抑郁症状大学生的攻击性方面没有表现出显著差异,不同专业的抑郁症状大学生的攻击性有极其显著差异。