Initial Communication with and Attitudes toward International Students: Testing the Mediating Effects of Friendship Formation Variables

From the theoretical perspectives of intergroup contact, predicted outcome value (POV), and similarity-attraction, this study examined U.S. host nationals’ (N = 342) communicative behaviours in a recent initial encounter with an international student and attitudes toward the student’s cultural group as a whole. Testing of two models indicated the significant sequential mediator effects of perceived similarity-social attraction and POV-social attraction between communication variables (e.g. amount of communication exchange in both models, self-disclosure in model 1, and information seeking in model 2), and intergroup attitudes (e.g. behavioural attitudes). Findings in general demonstrated that contact effects in the intercultural context varied according to specific measures of communication, the mediating mechanisms, and intergroup attitudes.     

景区资源的低强度硬开发、高强度软开发与高强度保护

针对我国旅游景区第二轮大投资、大开发、大建设高潮中,在旅游资源开发、保护方面出现的矛盾与误区,本文提出了旅游资源"低强度硬开发、高强度软开发与高强度保护"的理念。旅游景区景物、交通、接待服务类土木工程硬开发越少越好,景观美、景物文化内涵、景区整体氛围等软开发越多越好。实施旅游资源高强度保护要点为:坚持以生态环境为导向,重视发挥政府规制作用,正确把握科学保护与开发利用的合理"度",积极鼓励与支持公众参与,正确引导游客消费。     

Emotion regulation as a mediator of the relation between sexual abuse and behavior problems in preschoolers

Maltreated children show poor emotion regulation competencies compared to non-maltreated children. Emotion regulation has been found to mediate the association between maltreatment and behavior problems in children. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationships among child sexual abuse (CSA), emotion regulation (ER), and internalized and externalized behavior problems in preschoolers using conditional process analyses. ER competencies were assessed in 127 children aged 41–79 months (62 abused, 65 non-abused) by their parents (N = 124) and early childhood educators (N = 88) using the Emotion Regulation Checklist (Shields and Cicchetti, 1995, Shields and Cicchetti, 1997). Behavior problems were evaluated by parents using the Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach and Rescorla, 2000, Achenbach and Rescorla, 2001). ER was found to completely mediate the relation between CSA and internalized behavior problems and partially mediate the relation between CSA and externalized behavior problems. Parents’ and educators’ evaluations of ER were also found to differ as a function of child gender. The discussion focuses on the relationships among CSA, ER, behavior problems, and child gender. The clinical implications of these findings are also examined. Promoting the optimal development of ER could prevent the emergence and exacerbation of behavior problems in these at-risk children and, in turn, foster resilience.     

Sentinel events predicting later unwanted sex among girls: A national survey in Haiti, 2012

Sexual violence against children is a significant global public health problem, yet limited studies exist from low-resource settings. In Haiti we conducted the country's first, nationally representative survey focused on childhood violence to help inform the development of a national action plan for violence against children. The Haiti Violence Against Children Survey was a household-level, multistage, cluster survey among youth age 13–24. In this analysis we sought to determine whether sexual violence sentinel events (unwanted sexual touching or unwanted attempted sex) were predictive of later unwanted, completed, penetrative sex in Haiti. We also sought to explore characteristics of sentinel events and help-seeking behavior among Haitian children. Multivariable logistic regression was used to test associations between sentinel events and later unwanted, completed, penetrative sex. Overall, 1,457 females reported on experiences of sexual violence occurring in childhood (before age 18). A sentinel event occurred in 40.4% of females who experienced subsequent unwanted completed sex. Females experiencing a sentinel event were approximately two and a half times more likely to experience later unwanted completed sex (adjusted odds ratio = 2.40, p = .004) compared to individuals who did not experience a sentinel event. The mean lag time from first sentinel event to first unwanted completed sex was 2.3 years. Only half (54.6%) of children experiencing a sentinel event told someone about their experience of sexual violence. Among children, sentinel events occur frequently before later acts of completed unwanted sex and may represent a useful point of intervention. Reporting of sexual violence by children in Haiti is low and can be improved to better act on sentinel events.     

中国“全球高被引科学家”结构特征和成长规律分析——基于2014—2020年“全球高被引科学家”榜单数据

以科睿唯安公司2014—2020年发布的"全球高被引科学家"榜单为基础,分析、比较不同国家入选者的结构特征和趋势变化,对其中入选者工作地在中国境内的"高被引科学家"基本情况和成长规律进行分析。总结中国内地"全球高被引科学家"学科分布及成长规律特点包括中国"全球高被引科学家"数量和占比具有显著增长性;三分之一学科领域具有全球引领性;地域分布具有高度集中性;海外经历具有阶段普遍性;职称破格具有一致认可性。据此提出中国实现战略科技领域精准引才用才育才的政策建议,包括制定精准引才专项计划,绘制全球高被引科学家地图;制定精准用才专项方案,提升高层次人才使用效能;避免ESI学科领域"木桶效应"现象,实现战略科技人才前瞻培养等。     

中国“全球高被引科学家”分布和成长规律分析及启示

以科睿唯安公司2014-2020年发布的“全球高被引科学家”榜单为基础,分析、比较其人员的结构特征和趋势变化,对其中入选的工作地在中国内地的“高被引科学家”基本情况和成长规律进行分析。本文总结中国内地“全球高被引科学家”学科分布及成长规律特点包括中国“全球高被引科学家”数量和占比具有显著增长性;1/3学科领域具有全球引领性;地域分布具有高度集中性;海外经历具有阶段普遍性;职称破格具有一致认可性。提出中国实现战略科技领域精准引才用才育才的政策建议,包括制定精准引才专项计划,绘制全球高被引科学家地图;制定精准用才专项方案,提升高层次人才使用效能;避免ESI学科领域“木桶效应”现象,实现战略科技人才前瞻培养等。     

拳击步法在比赛中的运用

本文采用文献资料法,调查法,录像观察法,对山东省2005年拳击锦标赛中甲、乙组决赛进行了系统地分析与研究。本文指在通过在运动员的步法在比赛中的技战术运用与研究,为山东拳击运动员和广大拳迷在日后的训练和比赛提供参考依据。     

Assessing the interrelatedness of multiple types of adverse childhood experiences and odds for poor health in South Carolina adults

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been linked to negative health outcomes in adulthood, but little research has been done on the effect of ACEs on the health and well-being of adults in South Carolina (SC). This study analyzed a sample of 9744 respondents who participated in the 2014 South Carolina Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) to examine the relationship among childhood experiences of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, as well as witnessing household violence, on mental and physical health outcomes in adulthood among SC residents. Twenty-two percent of survey respondents reported poor general health (22.1%), and a smaller proportion reported high frequent mental distress in the past month (13.1%). Each category of childhood experiences was associated with an increase in the risk of poor general health. Individuals reporting three or more types of experiences were more likely to report poor health (aOR 2.89; 95% CI 2.86–2.92) than adults without such experiences. Respondents reporting three or more types of childhood adverse experiences were more likely to report frequent mental distress (aOR 3.29; 95% CI 3.26–3.33) compared to adults who did not report three or more types of adversity. Findings from the SC BRFSS highlight a connection between ACEs and negative health outcomes later in life. Given that results of this study also demonstrated that increased exposure to ACEs was associated with greater odds of negative health in adulthood, preventing adverse events such as experiencing abuse or witnessing domestic violence in childhood will have significant effects on later adult health.     

Caregiver parenting and gender attitudes: Associations with violence against adolescent girls in South Kivu,Democratic Republic of Congo

Violence against adolescent girls occurs at alarmingly high rates in conflict-affected settings, in part due to their increased vulnerability from their age and gender. However, humanitarian programming efforts have historically focused either on child abuse prevention or intimate partner violence prevention and have not fully addressed the specific needs of adolescent girls, including engagement of caregivers to reduce risk of violence against adolescent girls. Thus, the objectives of this analysis are to examine the whether gendered and parental attitudes of caregivers in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) were associated with their adolescent girls’ experiences of violence and girls’ attitudes towards IPV. Cross-sectional data from 869 girls (10–14 years) and their caregivers (n = 764) were drawn from a baseline assessment of a violence prevention evaluation conducted in 2015. Findings suggest that female caregiver’s gender equitable attitudes for adults may be associated with reduced odds of sexual abuse and less acceptance of IPV for adolescent girl children. Parenting attitudes and beliefs and gender equity for girl children were not associated with violence risk for girls, while increased accepting attitudes of negative discipline were only associated with lowered odds of sexual abuse. Understanding of caregivers’ attitudes may provide potential insight into how to more effectively engage and develop programming for caregivers to promote the safety and well-being of adolescent girls.     

Dissociation mediates the relationship between sexual abuse and child psychological difficulties

The aim of the present study was to evaluate, using structural equation modeling, a theoretical model in which dissociation is a core process mediating the relationship between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and internalizing, externalizing, and sexualized behaviour difficulties in children. A total of 290 children aged 2–12 participated in this study in Québec, Canada from 1998 to 2004, including 138 children with histories of CSA and 152 non-abused children. To assess child dissociative symptoms, internalizing and externalizing difficulties, as well as sexualized behaviour difficulties, the Child Dissociative Checklist, the Child Behaviour Checklist and the Child Sexualized Behaviour Inventory were completed by parents. Dissociation mediated the relationship between CSA and internalizing, externalizing, and sexualized behaviour difficulties, with the model explaining respectively 42.5%, 49.9% and 33.9% of the variance of these difficulties. Findings are consistent with a model where dissociation is a common pathway linking CSA and child psycho-sexual difficulties.