A new age for child protection--General Comment 13: why it is important, how it was constructed, and what it intends?

Children continue to be subjected to high levels of violence (i.e., physical, psychological and sexual maltreatment) throughout the world. International concern about violence against children has increased significantly during the last decade. A Study on Violence Against Children, encouraged by the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, conducted under the auspices of the United Nations Secretary General and reported in 2006, has become a rallying call to improve child protection. Child protection practices and systems have been judged to be generally inadequate and, in some cases, destructive. It is widely recognized that business as usual—more of the same—will not do. A General Comment (guide to fulfilling obligations) for Article 19, the central conceptualization of child protection of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, has the potential to promote a worldwide reformulation of child protection priorities, policies, and practices by virtue of the infusion of a child rights approach. It can be a mechanism for framing and promoting the transformational change needed – for a genuine paradigm shift. Here, explication is given for the historical context, rationale, centrality of child rights, process of development, holistic nature, and primary elements of General Comment 13 (GC13): The child's right to freedom from all forms of violence. GC13 embodies and champions a child rights approach to child protection entailing strong support for proactive primary prevention, promotion of good child care, and a commitment to secure the rights and well-being of all children. A child rights-based, comprehensive coordinating framework is recommended for the implementation of GC13.     

Vaginal lacerations from consensual intercourse in adolescents

Objective

(1) To describe lacerations of the vaginal fornices, an injury known to be associated with consensual sexual intercourse, including known complications and treatment course, (2) to contrast these injuries with injuries sustained during sexual assault, and (3) to discuss the assessment of adolescent patients for sexual injuries.

Methods

We present a case series of 4 female adolescent patients seen at a children's hospital over a period of 6 months. Each patient developed significant vaginal bleeding after sexual intercourse, and 3 of the patients presented to the emergency department with vital signs consistent with compensated shock.

Results

Each patient was evaluated by pediatric surgery, and found to have a laceration of the vagina. Three of the patients described consensual intercourse prior to the onset of bleeding, and had lacerations of the vaginal fornices; these patients were determined to have injuries resulting from consensual sexual intercourse. The fourth patient reported sexual assault as the cause of her injuries, and was treated for longitudinal lacerations of the vaginal wall.

Conclusions

Lacerations of the upper vagina are not frequently reported in forced vaginal intercourse, but are occasionally reported as injuries sustained during consensual coitus. In the absence of reported sexual assault, a severe vaginal fornix laceration is consistent with the diagnosis of coital injury from consensual intercourse. Diagnosis and treatment of this injury can be delayed due to the sensitive nature of these injuries. Bleeding can be profuse, leading to hemorrhagic shock, and these injuries may require transfusion of blood products and surgical repair in some cases. Complications may include hemoperitoneum, pneumoperitoneum, or retroperitoneal hematoma, even in the absence of complete vaginal perforation.

Practice implications

Knowledge of the consensual sexual injuries that may occur in adolescent patients can guide diagnosis, treatment, and counseling for the patient and her family, preventing long-term medical complications and legal consequences.     

论晚清文龙评批《金瓶梅》的新策略与新识见

文龙的《金瓶梅》评点呈现出不同于前人的新面目,原因是他采用了新的阅读策略。面对张竹坡评点,他故意反其道而读之,维护月娘、痛诋玉楼、春梅,同时提出批书者要具备客观的态度,评书时要务求＂真＂、＂细＂,不能做酒醉雷公;面对性描写,他跳开传统的解读方式,把批评重心放在读者身上,提出了观此书可止淫的说法,其阅读分级标准也值得参考;面对末十回,他发现了与前九十回的艺术水平差距,据此提出作者可能江郎才尽的判断,对此,刘辉的理解不准确。     

民族地区如何增强职业教育的吸引力——以黔南布依族苗族自治州为例

民族地区由于基础教育薄弱,初、高中升学率不高,职业教育面临丰富的生源,但却存在招生困难,生源不足的尴尬局面。如何吸引两后生进八职业学校,学到一技之长后走上工作岗位,更容易地维持生计,是当前值得探讨解决的问题。     

西安旅游吸引力评价及提升对策研究

城市旅游吸引力及其各组合要素是吸引外地游客前来旅游消费的核心要素,它对于促进城市旅游业的发展和提高城市综合竞争力具有非常重要的意义.本文借助多层次模糊综合评价方法对西安旅游吸引力进行评判,目的在于确定西安旅游吸引力的大小,并分析影响景区旅游吸引力因素,以在宏观上把握西安旅游的发展态势.从评判结果来看,西安旅游资源具有较强的吸引力,但仍受旅游基础设施薄弱、宣传推广力度不够因素的制约.今后应该进一步完善基础设施建设,完善管理服务体系,加强宣传力度,进一步提高西安市旅游吸引力.     

教学视频吸引力影响因素与提升策略研究

为研究教学视频吸引力的影响因素和提升策略,通过对中国开放大学系统内751位教师和2419名学生的问卷调查,并对获得的数据进行统计分析和归纳,发现了师生对于教学视频认识上的差别,厘清了影响教学视频吸引力的主要因素,包括内容、形式、技术质量、讲授人等,提出了在设计、制作和应用等各个阶段增强教学视频吸引力的具体策略措施,如根据多媒体综合应用设计教学视频,从教学内容出发选择讲授人和确定形式,按照教学视频应用终端确定长度等。     

旅游景区内寺观商业化问题探讨

旅游景区内寺观商业化发展,主要包括宗教协会、僧团组织、景区投资单位对寺观的经营管理以及寺观经营管理权外包等商业化运作模式,并且有着不同的驱动因素。寺观商业化运作对我国宗教事业发展具有一定积极作用,但同时对当地生态环境和文化内涵吸收也有一定的消极作用,建议政府相关部门采取严格执行审批与监督程序、积极维护宗教的合法权益、加强宗教内部管理、加强旅游行业的管理等相关措施,以解决旅游景区内寺观商业化运作所带来的各种问题。     

Future Sex Educator Perceptions of Rural Versus Urban Instruction: A Case for Community-Centered Sexual Health Education

Instructors of sexual health courses in rural areas face unique challenges as they are often forced to use school-based prevention curricula field-tested in urban areas. Research has yet to consider what future sex educators’ regional expectations are for their profession and how those expectations might have an impact on the classroom. Drawing from interviews with 26 sex-educators-in-training, we find that future educators tended to expect that rural communities would be less diverse, more conservative, and less informed about sexual health matters, even though research demonstrates that today's rural communities inconsistently align with those perceptions.     

辽宁省高等级旅游景区空间结构分析与优化

旅游空间结构的分析是指导区域旅游规划、开发与管理的基础。运用网络分析的方法,结合GIS技术,对辽宁省4A、5A级旅游景区的空间结构进行了定量研究。研究发现,该省高等级旅游景区呈现集中分布的态势,基尼系数及R值分别为0．8611、0．7229;旅游交通网络结构不完善、连通性不高,α、β、γ的值分别是0．4571、1．75、0．6481,均低于各自的理想值1、3、1,由此提出优化该省高等级旅游景区空间结构的策略与措施。