A validational study of the structured interview of symptoms associated with sexual abuse (SASA) using three samples of sexually abused, allegedly abused, and nonabused boys

Objective: With the rapid rise of sexual abuse allegations, there is a growing need to develop instruments to help clinicians determine the likelihood that sexual abuse has occurred.Method: This study evaluated the discriminant validity of a structured parent interview regarding emotional, behavioral, and physical symptoms by comparing results among three subsamples of age matched boys: 22 sexually abused boys whose perpetrator confessed, 47 boys evaluated in a sexual abuse clinic but without a history of perpetrator confession and 52 nonabused boys selected after rigorous screening.Results: In comparison with the nonabused (NA) boys, the sexually abused boys were significantly more likely to demonstrate sudden emotional and behavioral changes, frequent stomachaches, more knowledge about sex and sexual activities than expected for age, unusual agressiveness toward playmate or toy's private parts, crying easily, difficulty getting to sleep, and a change to poor school performance. The internal reliability of the SASA was determined to be .83 and scoring of an abbreviated 12-item scale demonstrated a sensitivity of 90.9% and a specificity of 88.5%.Conclusions: The findings suggest that Structured Interview of Symptoms Associated with Sexual Abuse (SASA) is an effective tool which may help in the comprehensive assessment of boys who may have been sexually abused.     

中国民族风情旅游资源分类与开发研究

民族风情旅游资源是旅游资源重要组成部分 ,我国地大物博 ,民族众多 ,各民族风情异彩纷呈 ,绚丽多姿 ,对旅游者具有较强吸引力。拥有民族风情旅游资源旅游地 ,要以科学的理论为指导 ,抓住旅游者心理 ,开发出多层次、高品味、有特色的民族风情旅游产品。     

Unwanted and illegal sexual experiences in childhood and adolescence

Three hundred forty-two anonymous surveys regarding unwanted sexual experiences (USE) were filled out in three clinic sites: a pediatric sexual abuse clinic, family practice clinic, and family planning clinic. In the latter two clinics, 40% of females and 16% of males had at least one unwanted sexual experience prior to turning 18 years old. Only 91% of the sexual abuse clinic patients indicated their experience was unwanted. In addition, 27% of the subjects had wanted sexual experiences that were illegal and underreported: These experiences involved a partner at least 4 years older or younger. While feelings of victimization were most common, self-blame and naivete about the abuse were also frequently reported, especially in those who had an USE with a peer. Ambivalence, self-blame, and peer pressure were associated with a lower tendency to disclose one's USE. Although unwanted and illegal sexual experiences were less common in Hispanic females, feelings of self-blame and ambivalence regarding their USE were more frequent in comparison with White females. These findings have important investigative and therapeutic implications for professionals who encounter victims of sexual abuse.     

Normal versus abnormal genital findings in children: How well do examiners agree?

In order to determine how well medical examiners agree on the significance of certain anogenital findings in children, preselected colposcopic photographs of the anogenital area of 16 patients were shown to 170 medical examiners (82% pediatricians) who were blinded as to the history on each patient. Findings rated most frequently as being suggestive or indicative of penetrating injury included immediate anal dilatation with no stool present (85%), hymenal transection (84%), marked narrowing of the hymenal rim with notching (81%), and a posterior fourchette scar (75%). The agreement between the participants and the experts on the abnormal cases (mean 81%) was significantly higher than on the normal cases (mean 71%, p < .001) and on genital findings (78%) than on anal findings (63%, p = .000). Higher experience level (more cases seen per month) was associated with significantly higher agreement between the participants and the experts on five of eight normal cases and two of four abnormal cases. Use of a colposcope was also associated with higher overall agreement with the experts (74% vs. 44%, p < .0001).     

性型结构与性别决定

雌雄异体生物的各种性型,不是由一些游离的染色体组成的混合物,而是通过性健些染色体联结成为不同结构形式的有机整体．各种染色体合的性基因,通过性键在性别决定中起作用供各种性型分别发育为不同性别的生物体昆虫的性型结构为开放型,人类的性型结构为封闭型,由此千万昆虫和人类的X染色体和常染色体组在性别决定中的作用各不相同．     

鸣禽燕雀鸣唱控制核团的性二形性

用常规组织学方法和微机数字处理系统测量了成年雌、雄鸣禽燕雀鸣唱控制主要核团ＨＶＣ、ＲＡ、Ｘ区、ｎⅫｔｓ以及对照核团ＳｐＭ的体积．结果表明,位于前脑的鸣唱相关核团ＨＶＣ、ＲＡ、Ｘ区均具有明显的性别差异,而位于低位中枢的ｎⅫｔｓ以及与发声无关的ＳｐＭ均无性别差异     

烷基电子效应的辩证关系

在教学中,对烷基电子效应要辩证理解,烷基既可以作为给电子基,又可以作为吸电子基,要视其所处的体系而定,烷基电子效应的方向,给电和吸电是相对的,不是绝对的。     

Decisions and attitudes concerning child sexual abuse: does the gender of the perpetrator make a difference to child protection professionals?

Objective: An investigation was conducted into whether child protection investigators, specifically social workers and the police, are as likely to take seriously a case of child sexual abuse if it had been perpetrated by a female rather than a male. Also, to examine whether the decisions relating to female-perpetrated abuse were predicted by participants’ sex role perceptions of women and their attitudes concerning women’s sexualized behavior towards children.Method: Participants advocated decisions in response to four hypothetical case of child sexual abuse in which the perpetrator was either male or female. The female perpetrators were then rated on femininity and masculinity characteristics and attitudes concerning women’s sexualized behavior toward children were assessed.Results: Following male—rather than female—perpetrated sexual abuse, case registration and imprisonment of the perpetrator was considered more appropriate by all participant groups; male social workers also considered social services involvement and investigation as more appropriate. A substantial number of decisions concerning female perpetrated abuse were predicted by participants’ attitudes.Conclusion: While child protection professionals considered child sexual abuse perpetrated by females to be a serious issue warranting intervention, a number of advocated decisions suggested that they did not consider female-perpetrated abuse to be as serious as male-perpetrated abuse. The implication is that victims of sexual abuse perpetrated by a woman may be less likely to receive the protection afforded victims of male-perpetrated abuse. Furthermore, professionals’ practices may be inadvertently perpetuating the view that female child sexual abuse is rare or less harmful than abuse carried out by males.Spanish abstract was not available at time of publication.     

旅游景区语言文本建设现状的调查及思考

目前我国很多景区普遍忽视语言文本建设,导致旅游景区语言文本不正确、不规范、不标准等诸多缺憾。抽样调查结果显示,不规范文本分为“不规范标识文本”和“不规范述介文本”两类。两类出错的根本原因在于语言建设中文化因素的干扰,因此基于文化差异的景区文本标准化建设应是解决问题的基础性途径。     

综合型旅游区循环经济实践模式初探——以西双版纳傣族园为例

综合型旅游区旅游资源类型多样,旅游功能较完善,并涉及多项产业,是旅游循环经济发展的典型载体。综合型旅游区循环经济的发展应坚持减量化、再利用、再循环、再替代、再整合、再思考等基本原则,把旅游环境保护、旅游资源培育、旅游产品创新、旅游链条延伸、旅游形象提升、旅游效益增加有机结合起来,以生态修复、文化传承为前提,以节能降耗、清洁生产为基础,以耦合共生、代谢循环为重点,建设旅游循环经济园区,推进旅游区的可持续发展。