Developmental changes in children's choices of practice strategies

This study investigated children's choices of deliberate practice strategies. Six-to 11-year-olds (n = 85) were presented with three outwardly similar motor tasks that varied only in the precision of the motor response required to succeed. Children then had the opportunity to practice these tasks before a “test” in which they had to complete all three tasks in the fastest overall time. While children of all ages spent relatively more time practicing the hardest task, only 10- and 11-year-olds scored more successes on the hardest task than the other tasks during the initial practice period. After verbal instruction, however, children of all ages scored more successes on the hardest task during practice, and younger children became more likely to persevere with the hardest task rather than switching tasks after a success. Children's practice choices may vary as a function of age and verbal instruction.     

Pragmatic Cooperative Principle and Its Effects on Verbal Humor

Humor can be interpreted in many forms,and verbal humor is the most popular one.Grice’s cooperative principle was proposed in 1967 and the violation of cooperative principles as well as its sub-maxims will cause humor.This paper will put the emphasis on CP’s effects on humor and will give some analysis in detail.     

Verbal counting skill predicts later math performance and difficulties in middle school

This study examined the role of verbal counting skill as an early predictor of math performance and difficulties (at or below −1.5 standard deviation in basic math skills) in middle school. The role of fourth-grade level arithmetical skills (i.e., calculation fluency, multi-digit arithmetic i.e. procedural calculation, and word problem solving) as mediators was also investigated. The participants included 207 children in central Finland who were studied from kindergarten to the seventh grade. Path modeling showed that verbal counting in kindergarten is a strong predictor for basic math performance in seventh grade, explaining even 52% of the variance in these skills after controlling for the mothers’ education levels. This association between early verbal counting skill and basic math performance was partly mediated through fourth-grade procedural calculation and word problem solving skills. Furthermore, verbal counting had an unique predictive relation to middle school math performance above and beyond the basic arithmetical and problem solving skills in fourth grade. Poor kindergarten verbal counting skill was a significant indicator for later difficulties in mathematics.     

The social anatomy of adverse childhood experiences and aggression in a representative sample of young adults in the U.S

Objective The current study assesses the effect of adverse childhood experiences on later aggression and violence across young adult relationships contexts, including intimate partners, friends, or strangers.Method Surveys were conducted with a nationally representative sample of young adults ages 18–32, drawn from the AmeriSpeak panel, a probability-based panel with coverage of 97% of U.S. households. The weighted study sample is 2284 young adult respondents, of whom 1561 reported being in an intimate partnership.Results Rates of verbal aggression perpetrated by young adults declined with the intimacy of the relationship, such that aggression against a partner (72%) exceeded aggression directed at friends (43%) and strangers (34%). Similar rates of physical violence (about 9%) were reportedly perpetrated against partners, friends, and strangers. Adjusting for a range of personal characteristics, both adverse childhood experiences and recent stressors in these young adult lives exhibited direct associations with verbal and physically aggressive outcomes.Conclusions In models of verbal and physical aggression across relationship contexts, childhood adversity exhibits lasting effects unaccounted for by important proximal life circumstances, including recent life stressors, mental health, and substance use behaviors. These results provide empirical insights for clinical treatment of young adults prone to aggressive conflicts as well as input to positive youth development programming to foster healthy approaches to conflict.     

《儿女英雄传》动词重叠的句法功能

本文主要探讨《儿女英雄传》中动词重叠的句法功能。从我们对该书的考察结果来看,动词重叠式的主要句法功能是充当谓语,其次还可以充当主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、插入语等句法成分。本文中我们对各种情形一一作了详尽的分析。     

Readability and acceptance of public relations releases from institutions of higher education

This study compared readability levels for PR releases used and not used by newspapers to determine if they differ in reading difficulty. Flesch scores and other readability measures were calculated. Releases used were easier to read. However, releases with longer paragraphs were more acceptable with shorter paragraphs.     

小品《不差钱》中的面子言语行为论略

小品《不差钱》中以大爷为核心形成了与小沈阳的合作与竞争关系、与鸭蛋的亲缘关系以及大爷、鸭蛋和毕福剑之间的"拟亲属化关系",四个人物因角色、目的的不同而在合作与竞争这种特殊的人际关系和争胜与攀附的真假亲缘关系中采取了刻意寻求"给面子"、大肆寻机"伤面子"、精心寻隙"损面子"、巧妙寻衅"撕面子"与居高力导"争面子"、设计铺垫"借面子"等具有戏剧冲突特征的面子言语行为策略,从而既展现了小品的语言艺术魅力,又展示了中华文化中面子观的精神内核和神韵。     

Take This Job and … : Quitting and Other Forms of Resistance to Workplace Bullying

Adult bullying at work is an unbelievable and, at times, shattering experience, both for those targeted as well as for witnessing colleagues. This study examines the narratives of 30 workers, some of whom where targeted and all of whom saw others bullied. Their responses paint a complex picture of power in bullying situations that reframe the “power-deficient target” into agents who galvanize a variety of resources on their own or others’ behalf but also place them at considerable risk. In some cases, employees evaluate the abusive situation and quickly resign. Others protest but, if resistance fails to stop abuse, they also leave organizations. The paths of resistance, case outcomes, and dialectic nature of resistance and control are discussed.     

从语用学角度谈小燕子式的言语幽默

言语幽默可以使人与人之间的交流更加和谐,带给我们欢乐。本文从语用学合作原则入手,结合电视剧《还珠格格》中＂小燕子＂的经典语言,分析了幽默言语是如何产生及其言语效果,从而提高我们对幽默言语的欣赏能力和交际能力。     

Reported Argumentativeness and Verbal Aggressiveness Levels: The Influence of Type of Argument

Arguments in interpersonal relationships can be divided into two types: public issue arguments and personal issue arguments. This study examines the ability of type of argument, trait argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness, and gender to predict reported argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness levels related to a particular argument episode. Reported argumentativeness levels were higher in the public argument condition, and reported verbal aggressiveness levels were higher in the personal argument condition. Trait argumentativeness predicted reported argumentativeness levels better in the public argument condition than the personal argument condition, suggesting that type of argument may serve as a moderator for the relationship between trait argumentativeness levels and argument-specific argumentativeness levels. Implications for using these two scales to examine interpersonal argument are discussed.