历法之争下的新年变革——以民国时期上海为中心的考察

辛亥革命以来,现代政权为实现社会的现代化进程,推动社会文明进步,构建政府权威,以政权的力量积极推动习俗变革,推行阳历,变革陋俗。面对民众对传统新年习俗的社会心理认同,南京临时政府与北洋政府默认了阳历新年与农历新年的存在。南京国民政府以强制力推动国历,废除传统新年,但最终不得不承认对于民间习俗不宜过多干涉。民国时期的新年变革深刻揭示着如何正确处理政府与民众、现代与传统的关系。     

Exploring Year 6 pupils’ perceptions of private tutoring: evidence from three mainstream schools in England

While quantitative research on the nature and extent of private tutoring in England is increasingly available, very limited evidence exists regarding pupils’ voices in evaluating their participation in private tutoring. Thus, the present qualitative study seeks to investigate the perceptions of 14 Year 6 pupils from three primary schools in East Kent of receiving tutoring. Data were collected through semi-structured focus group interviews and pupils’ drawings. The data suggest that the participants displayed prevention (ought) orientation by conceiving tutoring as a powerful means to help them to pass the grammar school entrance exam and thus avoid failing their parents’ expectations. However, some participants gradually realised that the advantages of receiving tutoring were not restricted to tangible (quantifiable) benefits related to improved examination results. Tutoring also enabled them to achieve their desired possible self-image by boosting their self-esteem and interest in learning, and becoming more confident when socialising with others (i.e. intangible benefits). The participants acted agentively, not only reflecting on the benefits of tutoring but also on its disadvantages including creating pressure on their parents and themselves and being somewhat an unfair advantage in competition. From this qualitative study, pedagogical implications and areas for ongoing research are suggested.