试论社会转型期中国城市社区建设思路

20世纪90年代以来,社区建设成为中国城市发展过程中的一个建设主题。社会的转型为中国城市社区建设提出了一系列新的任务。如何面对社区居民社会角色的转变,城市中的贫困问题,新兴的社区社会工作者的影响以及城市化的快速发展成为人们迫切需要解决的问题。为当代城市社区建设找到清晰的定位,合理的发展模式,理顺其应注意的诸多关系,是解决问题的关键。     

For-profit post-secondary education and civic engagement

Theorists such as Gumport (2000) suggest thatdifferent conceptions of higher education mayhave important consequences for students andsociety. We explore this possibility byconsidering a specific research question: Dostudents who attend for-profit post-secondaryschools show lower levels of civic engagementthan students who attend non-profit communitycolleges, either at the beginning of theirstudy or two years later? Using longitudinal data from the U.S. NationalCenter for Education Statistics (NCES)National Post-secondary Student Aid Survey(NPSAS90) and Beginning Post-secondary Survey(BPS), we test the hypothesis that students whoattend for-profit, post-secondary vocationalschools will show lower levels of civicengagement on several measures than similarstudents in community colleges. Studentsattending the two types of schools are alike intheir levels of civic engagement at thebeginning of their post-secondary education,but different four years later. We considerwhether observed differences in civic behaviorare due to variations in who attends thedifferent types of schools or to identifiableexperiences students may have in theirprograms, such as interactions with faculty orother students. The effect of proprietary school attendance onseven out of the ten different types of civicengagement measured here appears to be direct,rather than being mediated by measurableeducational experiences. We reflect further onprocesses that might explain the differencesand consider the policy implications of thesefindings for educational decision-makers.     

美国社区学院的发展历程及其职能变迁

作为高等教育的伟大创举,美国社区学院虽然只有100多年的发展历史,但无论在提供平等的受教育机会方面,还是在经济文化发展方面都做出了突出的贡献。本文主要对美国社区学院的发展历程进行了详细梳理,将其界定为高中扩张、初级学院、社区学院和综合发展四个时期,并同时对每一时期内社区学院的职能进行了分析,以期对我国高等教育尤其是高等职业专科教育的发展提供借鉴。     

Extending the Possibilities of Multicultural Community Partnerships in Urban Public Schools

To combat the sociocultural tensions that the city of Changeton is facing, an effort is being made by the school district to create a systemwide multicultural education program. A volunteer group has been established to shape what it hopes will provide a foundation for working toward mitigating the cultural strife that plagues the schools and community. Through a 3-year qualitative study, this research has documented the developments in the committee's work. The specific area addressed here is the group's efforts to create a partnership between the school and the community. This article provides practical ideas to urban educators interested in such an endeavor and shows that the critical problem is that parental involvement is often not recognized as being determined within specific and unequal relations of power—that attempts at school/community partnerships are often based on white, middle-class assumptions about parents' outlooks, language, resources, and time available for schoolwork. The focus and intent here are to acknowledge that it is crucial to recognize the multiplicity of groups and issues that are present in every town and city. Without being open to all differences of opinion andperspective, the idea of community involvement and public deliberation is fruitless.     

Training program in child abuse for community health workers

A wide range of health workers in the community provide care for families that abuse or have a potential for abusing their children. Frequently these workers are unable to work effectively because of difficulty dealing with feelings aroused by contact with such families.An experimental child abuse training program for community health workers was designed by a pediatrician, a social worker, a public health nurse and two child psychiatrists. This program included a six-month study group which met weekly to focus on feelings and conflcts aroused during the course of work with abusing or potentially abusing families.Through analysis of the group experience, the leaders identified eleven sets of feelings or conflicts which seemed to interfere consistently with effective delivery of care: 1)anxieties about a) being physically harmed by angry parents and b) about the effects of a decision; 2) denial and inhibition of anger; 3) need for emotional gratification from clients; 4) lack of professional support; 5) feelings of incompetence; 6) denial and projection of responsbility; 7) feeling total responsibility for assigned families; 8) difficulty separating personal from professional responsibility; 9) feelings of being a victim; 10) ambivalent feelings a) toward clients and b) about one's professional role; 11) need to be in control.This type of group experience seems to be an effective method for exploration and resolution of feelings and conflicts.     

论社区体育资源的开发与优化配置

文章分析了社区体育资金匮乏、基础设施利用率低、人才短缺的现状,提出了加大对体育资源的开发和优化配置,适当进入市场机制,建立完善的管理体系等措施.以促进社区体育的发展.     

解析弱势群体亲子关系存在的问题

当今,亲子关系存在着一些问题,成为孩子成长过程中的隐忧,由此出现了一系列连锁性不良反应.而这种现象在弱势群体中表现的尤为突出.主要表现在弱势群体亲子间互动的内容狭窄、方式简单,互动频率偏低,还有就是因价值取向偏离而引起的特定期望值过高及亲子地位的对立.这些问题是错综复杂地交织在一起的,本文仅从社会学的视角来解析弱势群体亲子关系存在的问题,希望能对我们促进弱势群体亲子互动,改善其亲子关系有所启发和指导.     

A community of practice as an inclusive model to support children with social,emotional and behavioural difficulties in school contexts

Many school children throughout the world who exhibit antisocial or destructive behaviour or have social, emotional and behavioural difficulties (SEBD) do not receive the support they need. As a result, they are caught up in a cycle of vulnerability. Systemic collaborative support is needed to counter this. Although in some cases teachers and other professionals join forces, interventions are usually affected by individual professionals outside the framework of inclusive education. This literature review paper explores the support children with SEBD in school contexts receive. The findings of the thematic document analysis highlight the vulnerability of children with SEBD, the success or otherwise of attempts made by various approaches and intervention programmes to provide support to these children, and the barriers to inclusive support. We argue the merits of adopting a Community of Practice as an inclusive model to support school children with SEBD. This kind of inclusive model strengthens constructive partnerships that provide these children with opportunities to acquire the social capital they need to engage meaningfully at schools and in their future life.     

Knowledge Capabilities of Local Government in the Context of Decentralisation in Ukraine

Abstract

There is an increasing actualisation of the knowledge component of the institutional capacity of local self-government authorities in Ukraine within ongoing decentralisation. The issue that arises concerns the officials’ knowledge sufficiency to generate and implement new ideas on the territories’ development, and the availability of unique skills for the development of relevant programmes, projects and plans. Herein, the analysis of the real knowledge needs of officials, whose sphere of competence lies in decision-making about the territories’ ways of development as well as their practical implementation, plays an important role. The article presents the results of a study of the opinions of local self-government officials of united territorial communities (UTCs) from the Dnipropetrovsk, Sumy, Zhytomyr, Kherson and Poltava regions of Ukraine, concerning their level of knowledge on the territories’ management; their needs for additional knowledge; the most common and convenient ways of obtaining knowledge; and the most problematic areas where the new knowledge is most demanded. The obtained data and the conclusions drawn can be considered, in particular, as an informational basis for the formation of training programmes and plans, cases and tasks for specialists training in the field of public administration.     

Love as a Language for Educational Justice

Abstract

Schools need to do a better job of recognizing the contributions and gifts students bring with them. Such a community-spirit approach could help everyone, from teachers and parents to district leaders and the Secretary of Education, dissuade the public from individualistic school structures and instead focus on equitable solutions that include the norms and histories of the people schools serve.