Child maltreatment and risk behaviors: The roles of callous/unemotional traits and conscientiousness

Child maltreatment poses significant risk to the development of callous/unemotional traits as well as risk behaviors such as engaging in violence, having sex with strangers, and binge drinking. In the current study, the indirect pathway from child maltreatment to risk behaviors was examined via callous/unemotional traits; whereas the conscientious personality trait was tested as a moderator of this indirect pathway. Young adults and parents (N = 361; M_age = 19.14, SD = 1.44) completed questionnaires on child maltreatment histories, callousness/unemotional traits, personality characteristics, and risk behaviors. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the hypothesized direct, indirect and conditional indirect effects. Findings showed indirect links between the child maltreatment latent factor and physical fighting, having sex with strangers, and binge drinking via callous/unemotional traits. Furthermore, the conscientiousness personality type significantly buffered the connection between callous/unemotional traits and physical fighting, supporting a conditional indirect effects. Callous/unemotional traits are important factors in the underlying mechanism between child maltreatment and risk behaviors among young adults, and conscientiousness serves as a protective factor against violence. Preventive intervention programs and clinicians may benefit from focusing in addressing callous/unemotional traits among youth who report childhood maltreatment experiences as well as targeting conscientiousness as a protective factor.     

从马斯洛需求层次理论研究当代大学生网络行为的心理状况及教育策略

互联网层面上展开的各种行为与现实中相比具有许多基于互联网文化的独有特质,从中能够反映出互联网用户的心理运作过程。大学生作为对互联网接受度最高的群体之一,其日常生活中的网络行为占据了相当程度的比重,而对其在互联网上的行为展开的研究也日渐成为了教育研究指导的重要一环。将以马斯洛需求层次理论分析大学生网络行为背后的动机,以期为大学生网络行为引发的教学策略思考带来新的探索途径与方向。     

体育组织中的变革型领导研究述评

当前,由于全球化经济竞争的加剧,组织变革已成为组织面临的首要问题,而组织变革需要变革型的领导,因而变革型领导及其研究受到业界和学界的双重关注。文章对体育组织情境下变革型领导的研究现状和特点进行了分析,并对其未来的研究进行了展望。     

网络环境下大学生日常生活信息搜寻行为模式研究——基于广州地区的实证调查数据

认为网络的出现和普及改变了人们的日常生活信息搜寻行为模式。在梳理和借鉴国外研究成果的基础上,提出中国网络环境下日常生活信息行为的理论分析框架,并通过调查问卷的方式搜集数据予以验证。分析广州地区大学生日常生活信息行为的总体特征以及不同性别、级别和生源地等人口统计变量对日常生活信息行为模式的差异性影响。     

Web搜索引擎日志挖掘研究框架

搜索引擎日志记录了用户与系统交互的整个过程。对日志文件进行挖掘,可以发现用户进行Web搜索的行为特征与规律,有效改善搜索引擎系统的性能。在对国内外相关研究进行系统梳理和总结的基础上,文章提出了一个Web搜索引擎日志挖掘的研究框架,主要包括日志挖掘的研究内容、数据集的选择方法、数据预处理的方法、不同地域用户行为的特征与比较、如何应用于系统性能的改善等内容。     

Behavior problems in elementary school among low-income boys: The role of teacher–child relationships

The authors identified trajectories of teacher–child relationship conflict and closeness from Grades 1 to 6, and associations between these trajectories and externalizing and internalizing behaviors at 11 years old among low-income, urban boys (N = 262). There were three main findings. Nagin cluster analyses indicated five trajectories for conflict with all children evidencing increases in conflict, and four trajectories for closeness with all children demonstrating decreases in closeness. Trajectories with higher levels of conflict and lower levels of closeness were associated with higher levels of externalizing and internalizing behavior problems at 11 years old. Moreover, conflictual teacher–child relationships exacerbated the effects of externalizing and internalizing behavior problems in early childhood; children with conflictual teacher–child relationships had higher levels of behavior problems in middle childhood relative to children with low conflictual teacher–child relationships. Implications of targeting teacher–child relationships as interventions to help prevent behavior problems are discussed.     

Observed Emotional and Behavioral Indicators of Motivation Predict School Readiness in Head Start Graduates

Emotions and behaviors observed during challenging tasks are hypothesized to be valuable indicators of young children's motivation, the assessment of which may be particularly important for children at risk for school failure. The current study demonstrated reliability and concurrent validity of a new observational assessment of motivation in young children. Head Start graduates completed challenging puzzle and trivia tasks during their kindergarten year. Children's emotion expression and task engagement were assessed based on their observed facial and verbal expressions and behavioral cues. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that observed persistence and shame predicted teacher ratings of children's academic achievement, whereas interest, anxiety, pride, shame, and persistence predicted children's social skills and learning-related behaviors. Children's emotional and behavioral responses to challenge thus appeared to be important indicators of school success. Observation of such responses may be a useful and valid alternative to self-report measures of motivation at this age.     

The impact of a combined cognitive-affective intervention on pre-service teachers’ attitudes, knowledge, and anticipated professional behaviors regarding homosexuality and gay and lesbian issues

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of a cognitive-affective intervention the attitudes, knowledge, and anticipated professional behaviors regarding homosexuality and gay and lesbian issues of pre-service teachers in the United States. Sixty-seven participants were randomly assigned either to a control group (n = 34) or an experimental group (n = 33). Pre-test and post-test means were compared using paired-samples t-tests to determine the impact of the intervention. Data analysis revealed significant positive changes in the pre-service teachers’ attitudes and knowledge about homosexuality, as well as their anticipated professional behaviors with respect to homosexual students and their families.     

Teachers’ beliefs, instructional behaviors, and students’ engagement in learning from texts with instructional pictures

This study investigated the relations between teachers’ pedagogical beliefs and students’ self-reported engagement in learning from texts with instructional pictures. Participants were the biology, geography, and German teachers of 46 classes (Grades 5-8) and their students. Teachers’ instructional behaviors and students’ engagement in learning from texts with instructional pictures were assessed by means of student ratings. Teachers’ beliefs about using texts with instructional pictures in their teaching were assessed by a self-report questionnaire. Results showed that the more teachers believed that students should be taught clear strategies on how to learn from texts with instructional pictures the more engagement was reported by their students. A multilevel mediation model showed that the association between teachers’ beliefs and students’ self-reported engagement was mediated by teachers’ perceived instructional behavior.     

论课堂评价语对课堂教学的规约

课堂评价语是教学话语的重要组成部分,是师生直接交流的手段,规约性是课堂评价语的主要特征之一。生命的发展在社会规约和生命规律的双重作用下逐渐完善,生命的能量只有在规约的作用下才能更好的释放。课堂评价语蕴含着师生的生活知识,课堂教学受其规约而具有条理,富含理性。