如何确定我国国际储备的适度规模

国际储备的适度规模问题一直是国际金融学界探讨的焦点。近年来，我国国际储备的数量增长非常迅速，这引起了对我国应持有的合理国际储备规模的激烈讨论。通过阐述我国国际储备的增长过程及原因，指出大量持有国际储备的利弊：持有国际储备既能获得一定的收益，又会产生一定的成本，因此，一国的国际储备并非多多益善。最后，得出确定适度的国际储备规模的方法——成本一收益综合分析法。     

关于语域与英语词汇的运用

语域的不同主要是以“词汇”方面的不同为特征。英语中有许多组词语在意义上多半相近。但在形式上或通常相互关联的术语上有着不同的语体。从词汇选择的角度可以说明书面英语和口头英语、正式语体和非正式语体英语中得体语言的运用。     

The Things they Carry: Ideology in an Urban Teacher Professional Community

This article provides an opportunity to extend the discussion about teacher communities as part of complex school reform models, specifically centered on those communities whose membership is drawn on a semi-voluntary basis. Through a sixteen-month long ethnography, I document the activities of an urban teacher professional community (TPC) at a high school located in a large city in the Northeast, serving a majority of linguistically and culturally diverse students. Guided by Sharp and Greens definition of teacher ideologies, the study focuses on how TPC members negotiated curriculum, teacher learning, and student discipline, carrying ideologies that impacted the outcomes of the communitys work, originally intended to increase teacher collaboration and foster quality teaching.Jorgelina Abbate-Vaughn is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction at the University of Massachusetts-Boston. Her research interests center on the possibilities and challenges that urban schools pose, on school reform approaches, on teacher preparation, and on e.ective educational approaches for low-income, culturally and linguistically diverse (LCLD) students. Address correspondence to Jorgelina Abbate-Vaughn, Graduate School of Education- Department of Curriculum and Instruction, University of Massachusetts- Boston, Wheatley Hall 2nd .floor, Room 99-04- Boston, MA 02125, USA; e-mail: jorgelina. abbate@umb.edu.     

Using Collaborative Assessment to Examine the Relationship between Self-Reported Beliefs and the Documentable Practices of Preschool Teachers

A team of researchers used a collaborative assessment protocol to compare the self-reported teaching beliefs of a convenience sample of preschool teachers (N = 57) to their documentable practices (i.e., practices that could be observed, recorded, and categorized using a deductive strategy). Data were examined from survey instruments, detailed classroom observations and time-sampling, curriculum materials, and program artifacts. Results indicated that when child-directed choice/play time, emergent literacy and language development activities were emphasized, teachers self-reported beliefs were more strongly aligned with developmentally appropriate practice (DAP) as a philosophy of practice. When consistent routines, organized classrooms, preplanned curriculum, and teacher-directed learning were the dominant behaviors, the teachers were found to report more “traditional” or academic-oriented beliefs.     

The effects of a developmentally appropriate music and movement program on motor performance

Basic motor skills development is achieved through the implementation of different types of physical education programs. The purpose of this study was to investigate and to compare the effect of a developmentally appropriate music and movement program and of a developmentally appropriate physical education program on the development of jumping and dynamic balance in children ages 4–6 years. Ninety children, 42 girls and 48 boys, participated. Fifty of them were in an experimental group and followed the music and movement program, which lasted 2 months. The rest served as the control group and followed the physical education program, for the same period of time. Children's level in jumping and dynamic balance was assessed with the MOT 4–6 [Zimmer, R. & Volkamer, M. (1987). Motoriktest fuer vier-bis sechsjaehrige kinder. Manual, Belz: Weinheim]. Data were analyzed with the multivariate analysis of variance with repeated measures. The results showed that the experimental group improved significantly in both jumping and dynamic balance. It can be concluded that a developmentally appropriate music and movement program can positively affect jumping and dynamic balance of preschool children.     

基于XML的MARC元数据互操作的实现

MARC是图书馆界开发的一套高质量的数据描述元数据格式.MARC不能与Internet的信息分类和搜索服务之间实现互操作,MARC的互操作问题成为数字图书馆研究中的热点.基于XML的MARC元数据互操作的实现方式是:利用XML的DTD机制,定义一个MARC DTD,解决MARC元数据的XML描述问题;用XML元语言描述MARC元数据信息,并根据这些元数据信息建立相应的元数据信息检索数据库.这使图书馆现有的大量MARC格式的书目数据在Internet环境中得以充分的利用.     

Computers in Reception Schools—A Case of Gaborone,Botswana

Computers are changing young children’s world in profound ways. Research shows that when computer technology is used appropriately in early years of life, it enhances virtually every aspect of development, i.e., cognitive, social, emotional, language and fine motor skills. Thus a very critical issue in today’s technologically advanced world is whether we in Botswana use computer technology for young children, and if so how do we use it. Hence the present study was conducted in the reception schools of Gaborone, Capital of Botswana. Out of 12 reception schools of Gaborone, data could be collected from nine schools only. The outcome of the study led to a few recommendations.     

Actions for sociopolitical consciousness in a high school science class: A case study of ninth grade class with predominantly indigenous students

This case study explores how a group of Grade 9 students engaged in sociopolitical discourses and actions in a science class in a mostly indigenous student school in Nepal. The study used sociopolitical consciousness (SPC) as a framework to document and understand indigenous students’ SPC-oriented science interactions and subsequent social change actions. We used ethnographic methods of data collection over 6 months. The study focused on the actions of 4 girls and 2 boys belonging to the indigenous Tharu group. Data were analyzed using iterative qualitative methods. The study findings show that students are capable of engaging in critical thinking, critical reflecting, and taking actions for social change. Additionally, students are competent to link their experiences with social, structural, and political discrimination to the relevant science content they learn. The study presents four thematic findings related to SPC and science teaching and learning: Fostering social justice awareness in science class, fostering structural understanding of inequities in sickle cell disease, fostering sociopolitical actions for sickle cell disease, and the teacher's activist pedagogy for SPC in science learning. Implications of the study are that culturally relevant pedagogy helps indigenous students to become sociopolitically more aware of the links between science and social change. Adding aspects of critical pedagogies in science teaching could encourage students to become more sociopolitically reflective about science learning.     

基于CWM的网络报纸元数据抽取框架模型

网络报纸的长期保存必须解决其元数据的抽取问题,CWM为我们提供了方便的技术框架模型。在介绍CWM的基本标准、技术、内容、框架体系基础上,基于提取的网络报纸整合数据链,利用CWM对整合数据链的不同部分分别进行元数据抽取,并分析不同部分可能的元数据集。设计出网络报纸的元数据抽取框架模型,指出抽取过程中应该解决的关键问题是解决对象-关系映射、元数据冲突及元数据导出。     

特色数据库建设中的元数据选择与著录问题——峨眉山自然遗产特色数据库应用实例

以峨眉山自然遗产特色数据库建设为应用实例,论述在选择元数据标准、描述资源属性的元素和修饰词时应遵循的原则：针对数据库资源的特点,制订出各种类型资源进行元数据标准与规范应用的著录细则。提出进行资源元数据的著录过程中所遇到的具体问题和处理方法。