Teachers of learners with ASD in mainstream schools and classrooms in Spain: attitudes towards inclusive education

This study analyses the attitudes of teachers in Spain towards the inclusion of learners with autism spectrum disorder in mainstream education settings and their relationship with the perceived benefits of inclusion. The ex post facto prospective design included 180 teachers from 14 schools. Data were collected using a questionnaire on teachers' attitudes towards inclusive education and a second questionnaire on the benefits of inclusion developed for the specific purposes of this study. The results show teachers' positive attitudes towards inclusion as well as the benefits perceived. This study demonstrates the fundamental role of teachers' previous experience. Implications for inclusive cultures and practices in schools are discussed.     

Supporting practitioners in school-based evaluations of autism spectrum disorders

Students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have vastly different educational needs. Although some students with ASD may perform well across subjects within the general education classroom, other students with ASD may need more individualized support outside of the classroom. Historically, ASD assessments in schools have primarily focused on the measurement of cornerstone behaviors of ASD such as deficits in social communication and restricted or repetitive behaviors while underestimating the focus of academic skills even though both factors are required in the evaluation process and for an eligibility classification. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of academic assessment practices in the schools by highlighting best practices in ASD evaluation, outlining ASD academic profiles and how to identify academic skill deficits, and reviewing the available literature that comes from different formal- and function-based assessment practices that are commonly used in schools today. The authors also discuss how formal- and function-based assessments both serve a purpose and are recommended to be used in conjunction with one another to best demonstrate a student's academic profile. Practitioners are ultimately encouraged to use a multi-informant, multi-modal approach when it comes to psychoeducational evaluations for individuals with ASD as it is evident that an individualized approach is essential due to the discrepancy of academic profiles related to this disability category as well as understanding that no measure is a perfect representation of any one skill.     

Biochemical Evaluation of Patients of Alcoholic Liver Disease and Non-alcoholic Liver Disease

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is due to excessive alcohol intake for long duration. Distinguishing ALD from non-ALD (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, hepatitis of viral origin) is difficult as patient may deny alcohol abuse. Clinical examination, histology and serology may not differentiate these conditions. Accurate diagnosis is important as management of ALD differs from non-ALD patients. The aim of our study was (1) To evaluate the patients of ALD and non-ALD by biochemical parameters compared to controls, (2) To assess whether these parameters can differentiate ALD from non-ALD. Study was carried out on 50 patients of ALD in group I and 35 patients of NASH (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis) and acute viral hepatitis each in group II. Age matched healthy controls n = 50. Selection criteria—history of alcohol intake (amount and duration), clinical examination, sonography of abdomen, serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and bilirubin levels. Blood samples were analyzed for bilirubin, aspartate transaminase (AST), ALT, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) by kinetic method. Statistical analysis was done by Student unpaired ‘t’ test. Patients of ALD have raised AST/ALT ratio (De Ritis ratio) (>2), ALP and GGT compared to controls (P < 0.01).There is significant difference in AST/ALT ratio, serum GGT and ALP in ALD group compared to that in NASH and acute viral hepatitis (P < 0.05). This study suggests that De Ritis ratio >2 in ALD patients may be due to alcohol induced hepatic mitochondrial injury and pyridoxine deficiency. High GGT and ALP values may indicate enzyme induction by alcohol and mild cholestasis. Thus ALD patients have severe hepatic damage. De Ritis ratio <1 and normal to mild elevation in GGT level in NASH and acute viral hepatitis suggest mild hepatic injury of non-alcoholic origin. Our study concludes that ALD patients can be differentiated from NASH and acute viral hepatitis with certainty by measuring serum AST/ALT ratio, GGT and ALP. These biochemical parameters may help clinicians to support the diagnosis of ALD and non-ALD.     

南宁市邕宁区慢性病流行病学调查分析报告

目的:了解南宁市邕宁区慢性病现状,为南宁市邕宁区慢性病防治提供科学的参考。方法:采用问卷调查与个别访谈相结合的方法,由经过统一培训合格的调查员采用面对面的调查方式。结果:当地社区居民慢性病发病率较高,患有一种或以上的患者人数占被试者总人数的54.4%。主要的慢性病为高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、慢性支气管炎、肿瘤,患病率分别为19.2%、11.3%、8%、11%、8%,高血压是当地发病率最高的慢性病。结论:当地有关部门应积极开展疾病预防宣传工作,加强社区康复机构建设,加强社区全科医生服务团队建设,发挥中医药的重要作用,从而提高当地居民健康水平和生活质量。     

新形势下中职院校传染病护理学教学改革策略

在新形势下中职院校传染病护理学教学中有很多好的方法,如“自学一辅导”模式教学法,PBL教学法,启发式教学法等。作为护理专业教师,要在教学的过程中不断吸收新的知识,不断创新．不断学习和探索用之可行的教学方法和模式。因此,本文对新形势下中职院校传染病护理学教学改革策略进行了探讨。     

柳氮磺吡啶片近红外一致性检验方法研究

本文通过收集共32个批次的柳氮磺吡啶片样品,经实验室检验后,扫描其近红外光谱,结合实验室的检测结果,运用OPUS 5.0软件,建立柳氮磺吡啶片的一致性检验模型,并用新的样品来验证模型的准确性。本方法简便快捷,可以在不破坏包装的情况下准确鉴别柳氮磺吡啶片的真伪。     

Concatenated Trellis Coding and CPM for DS/SSMA Communications in Rayleigh Fading Channel

本文在衰落信道下将级联网格编码调制（ＴＣＭ）和连续相位调制（ＣＰＭ）应用于直接序列扩频多址（ＤＳ／ＳＳＭＡ）系统中．作者分别采用了理论分析和数值模拟两种方法研究了级联ＴＣＭ／ＣＰＭＤＳ／ＳＳＭＡ系统的性能，结果表明在相同的条件下采用级联ＴＣＭ／ＣＰＭ编码调制方式的ＤＳ／ＳＳＭＡ系统的错误概率远小于采用单一ＴＣＭ或ＣＰＭ的ＤＳ／ＳＳＭＡ系统的错误概率．     

从海员易患病探讨航海专业体育教学改革

运用有关研究成果,阐述了海员的易患病及危害,分析了海员易患病的病因,提出了预防海员易患病的措施之一是对航海专业的体育教学作必要的改革,并探讨改革的具体内容。     

Design and development of VR learning environments for children with ASD

Basic social interaction and executing certain tasks can be difficult for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The symptoms of such behaviour include inappropriate gestures, body language and facial expressions, lack of interest in certain tasks, cognitive disability in coordination of limbs, and a difficulty in comprehending tasks’ requirements. This paper will discuss our efforts to develop virtual learning environments for children with ASD to improve their gestures and their interests in comprehending tasks’ requirements. Virtual environments are ideal for imparting skills necessary for independence before encouraging children with ASD to try these out in the real world and gain real-life experience. A high-end solution and a simplified solution will be presented together with a discussion on their comparison study.     

大鼠帕金森氏病动物模型的建立

采用SD大鼠30只，25只为试验组，5只为对照组。在三维立体定向仪上用微量注射器将6－OHDA32μg分两点注射入右侧纹状体，每周检测动物的旋转行为，第1周动物没有出现旋转行为，第2周动物出现明显的旋转行为，随后缓慢上升；至术后5周才升至较高的水平并保持平稳。其中有15只动物达到或超过了7r/min这一通常采用的标准，模型成功率达60％。酪氨酸羟化酶免疫组化显示：术后第1周至第5周右侧黑质TH免疫反应细胞逐渐砬少，各个时期的右侧黑质TH免疫反应细胞较对侧明显减少。采用此方法建立的大鼠帕金森氏病模型更加符合临床PD病人的病程进展并明显提高成功率。