A Framework for Policies and Practices to Improve Test Security Programs: Prevention,Detection, Investigation,and Resolution (PDIR)

Test security is not an end in itself; it is important because we want to be able to make valid interpretations from test scores. In this article, I propose a framework for comprehensive test security systems: prevention, detection, investigation, and resolution. The article discusses threats to test security, roles and responsibilities, rigorous training for everyone involved in testing, and an evaluation of current practices in test security. I call on everyone responsible for testing programs—the Association of Test Publishers, Council of Chief State School Officers, National Council on Measurement in Education, U.S. Department of Education, and state assessment program managers, their vendors, and the research community—to collaborate on guidelines and practices for security violation prevention, detection, investigation, and resolution.     

医院内肺部真菌感染的临床分析

目的:引起临床医师对医院内肺部真菌感染(PFIH)的高度重视.方法:对56例医院内肺部真菌感染的病例进行临床分析.结果:45例患者均患有慢性肺部疾病,其中以慢性阻塞性肺病、慢性肺原性心脏病导致的PFIH最多占68%.住院日的延长,广谱、多种抗生素的长时间应用,糖皮质激素和免疫抑制剂的使用,是PFIH常见的医源性因素.痰培养念珠菌属占91%,特别是白色念珠菌即占82%.结论:应尽可能减少或避免导致PFI     

低重复率稿件中的学术不端行为检测与防范

重复率低却存在抄袭的稿件,其原因可能为单一的检测系统存在漏洞,新发表的论文上传数据库存在时间差,作者对稿件的有意识“修饰”,以及网络时代造假手段多样化.为此,文中提出以下措施:使用多种数据库进行文字检测,从查重报告中发现问题,建立有效的审稿专家数据库、网站教育和警示,充分利用网络资源,加快稿件处理进程,增强编辑的责任意识等,以利于更好地防范学术不端行为.     

编辑侵犯作者修改权:原因与防范

编辑侵犯作者修改权是一个比较突出的行业侵权现象.导致的原因主要有:编辑法制观念淡薄;编辑编德素养不够;编辑学识水平跟不上;编辑修改权限界说不统一,著作权法不完善.应采取相应的措施,防范类似现象继续发生.     

建筑结构质量缺陷与质量事故界定

主要从理论上界定质量缺陷和质量事故，并探讨减少质量缺陷、避免质量事故之对策。     

环境中氡及其子体的危害与防治

氡是自然界中广泛存在的一种天然放射性气体,是人居环境中最直接的污染物,其危害是看不见、摸不着的,氡及其子体是铀、钍等放射性元素产物,是引发肺癌的重要致病因子,氡对人体的辐射伤害占人体所受到的全部环境辐射的55%以上,长期受到氡辐射,会导致肺癌、白血病、皮肤癌及其它呼吸道病变的产生。因此国内外科技界也越来越关注氡的辐射问题,为提高空气品质,保护人体免受辐射危害,本文重点介绍了氡的物理化学性质、环境中氡的来源及浓度水平、各种建筑材料中放射性核素的含量,讨论了通风对室内氡水平的影响,认为依靠住宅建筑和装修完成后的补救措施来防治室内氡危害的效能是有限的,防治室内氡危害的关键措施是从源头上减少氡的来源。     

语用失误及其对英语教学的启示

本文考察了语用失误的研究情况.作者从更宽的层面进一步讨论了“什么是语用失误”,指出了语用失误形成的原因.最后,作者指出,在英语教学中,引入语用学理论,培养学生的语用能力对提高学习者的交际能力是重要的和必要的.     

高校内部经济责任审计的特征与风险防范

高校内部经济责任审计具有审计对象双重性、审计内容广泛性、审计结果作用多元性、审计高风险性等特征。在分析高校内部经济责任审计风险原因的基础上，提出了一些质量控制和防范风险的措施。     

Eating disorder prevention initiatives for athletes: A review

A substantial amount of evidence suggests that collegiate and elite athletes involved in weight-sensitive sports are at greater risk of developing eating disorders (EDs) than the general population. With the limited effectiveness of treatment for EDs, prevention of EDs has been broadly considered in the literature. The present paper reviewed the existing literature on ED prevention programmes for athletes in order to determine the current status of prevention programmes and recommend future directions. The available literature suggests that selective, primary interventions with multiple targets and an interactive multimodal approach appear most effective. Current challenges in the field, including lack of longitudinal research, hesitation by the sport community to be involved in ED research and poor cross-field communication and collaboration, are also explored. The lack of dissemination of evidence-based prevention programmes and the simultaneous promotion of prevention programmes that have not yet been empirically examined are also discussed. Based on these observations future directions are recommended.     

Hip and upper extremity kinematics in youth baseball pitchers

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between dynamic hip rotational range of motion and upper extremity kinematics during baseball pitching. Thirty-one youth baseball pitchers (10.87 ± 0.92 years; 150.03 ± 5.48 cm; 44.83 ± 8.04 kg) participated. A strong correlation was found between stance hip rotation and scapular upward rotation at maximum shoulder external rotation (r = 0.531, P = 0.002) and at ball release (r = 0.536, P = 0.002). No statistically significant correlations were found between dynamic hip rotational range of motion and passive hip range of motion. Hip range of motion deficits can constrain pelvis rotation and limit energy generation in the lower extremities. Shoulder pathomechanics can then develop as greater responsibility is placed on the shoulder to generate the energy lost from the proximal segments, increasing risk of upper extremity injury. Additionally, it appears that passive seated measurements of hip range of motion may not accurately reflect the dynamic range of motion of the hips through the progression of the pitch cycle.