从“文化帝国主义”看美国的文化扩张

“文化帝国主义”实际上就是文化扩张。二战结束以来,美国通过文化外交,借助其新闻媒介、文化交流、好莱坞电影、跨国公司等,积极扩张美国的政治文化和大众文化,目的在于企图在全球实现美国文化霸权。     

关于近代中国社会性质的几个认识问题

近代中国半殖民地半封建社会有一个演变和形成的过程，这一过程就是外国帝国主义和本国封建主义相结合的过程。正确认识近代中国社会的性质，对于正确制定革命党人的战略和策略，正确认识和处理民族革命和民主革命两大任务之间的关系，正确领导中国资产阶级民主革命具有重大意义。     

Neoliberalism,imperialism and conservatism: tangled logics of educational inequality in the global South

ABSTRACT

Accounts of neoliberalism in education frequently evoke a universal trend, with insufficient attention to context, as well as routinely presenting the ‘pre-neoliberal’ as the ideal. This paper argues that studies of neoliberalism, concentrated in the global North, frequently ignore the distinctive forms and histories of neoliberalism in the global South, as well as its connections to other logics of power, which are illustrated using examples of schooling in Brazil. The differing weight of neoliberal politics and policies across geopolitical boundaries suggests caution in casting neoliberalism as a unique institutional setting for contemporary educational inequalities or attributing all educational conservatism to neoliberalism. A conceptual contribution is provided by proposing a multi-scalar approach to educational inequalities, in which educational sites, events and practices are considered in terms of nexus.     

论“二战”前德国的民族主义和帝国主义——兼论阿伦特的民族观

德国作为一个国家的历史并不长,它是在东法兰克王国的基础上形成的,至今不过一千余年,但有九百多年处于一个分裂、割据的状态,直到1871年普鲁士最终完成德意志的统一大业。德国特有的国情使德国民族主义的形成具有非典型性的民族主义。汉娜.阿伦特的民族观认为,在典型性的民族国家里,民族主义与帝国主义是对立的;在德国这个非典型性民族国家,民族主义与帝国主义却能在一起共同作用,这是一个非常特殊的现象,它对纳粹上台产生了极其重要的影响。     

日据大连时期的奴化教育实质

日据大连40年，从教育方针到教育行政机构，从校规校纪到课程设置，从教师培训到教师配备，从教材编写到教研会活动，均以“奴化”二字为中心。其实质就是毒化大连人民的精神，使之丧失民族自尊，当“天皇”的“顺民”，以达到长期奴役大连人民，乃至全中国人民的目的。     

Global English, Hegemony and Education: Lessons from Gramsci

Antonio Gramsci and his concept of hegemony are often invoked in current debates concerning cultural imperialism, globalisation and global English. However, these debates are rarely cognizant of Gramsci's own university training in linguistics, the centrality of language to his writings on education and hegemony, or his specific engagement with language politics in his own day. By paying much greater attention to Gramsci's writings on language and education, this article attempts to lay the groundwork for an adequate approach to the current politics of global English.
While Gramsci may have left formal education and his studies in linguistics at Turin University as a young man to become a full time journalist and political activist, he certainly did not 'jettison' his study of language as is commonly implied. It has been widely accepted that Gramsci had an expansive conception of education which would curtail any suggestion that 'education' must be limited to formal schooling or university. Likewise, this article demonstrates the importance of Gramsci's lifelong analysis of language, its role in education and the development of hegemony. It argues that Gramsci's writings on language policy in Italy, specifically la questione della lingua [the language question] and his concern with linguistics, are an integral part of his approach to education and hegemony.     

Globalization in Developing Countries

Globalization, like all important concepts, currently has many meanings and connotations. To most de- veloping contries, cultural imperialism has become the most important problem in their process of participating in glo- balization. In this article, issues in China will be analyzed in order to find the benefits and costs of the globalized media in developing countries. Culture imperialism and Americanization will be deeply concepted and argued by some strong statistics and examples. In addition, some valuable comments will be mentioned not only for China but also for most other developing contries.     

‘For good,God, and the Empire’: French Franciscan sisters in Ethiopia 1896−1937

In 1897, four French Franciscan sisters arrived in Ethiopia, having been summoned there by the Capuchin missionaries. In 1925, they ran an orphanage, a dispensary, a leper colony and 10 schools with 350 girl students. The students were freed slaves, orphans and upper-class Ethiopian and European girls. After providing a brief background to the relations between the Ethiopian government and the missionaries, this article describes the general activities of the Sisters, the importance they dedicated to education, and their religious and political motives. In the second part, it analyses the sociological backgrounds of the female students and the way in which education intersected with gender, class and race. Third, it reconstructs the multiple power relations within which the Sisters’ educational work was embedded. Finally, it demonstrates how schooling girls in a class-based manner – in conformity with the Franciscan Sisters’ perceptions about what lower-class and upper-class women should be – enabled them to secure relations with Ethiopian political elites. These relations both benefited the Ethiopian elites and furthered the cause of French imperialism.     

Mexican American Student Resistance: From Spontaneity to Organization

Having challenged student resistance scholarship for glorifying forms of resistance that tend to be self-destructive to students, the field has shifted to supporting and advancing more transformational forms of resistance, such as organizing campaigns for social justice issues. While this is a welcome advance, the conception of transformative employed by researchers tends to be limited to reformist agendas. Situating student resistance in a historical context through a re-reading of Marx and Lenin offers a deeper framework for understanding and organizing student resistance. Making these points, I draw on the Mexican American historical and contemporary context for illustrations.     

经济学帝国主义：学科扩张中的冲突与藕合

自20世纪50年代以来,社会科学中出现了经济学向其它社会科学入侵并强力进行学科边界扩张的经济学帝国主义现象,这一改传统社会科学分工路径,由细化转向整合。同时打破了社会科学研究中传统的分工领域。造成被入侵学科的边缘化。当然在这一过程中,被入侵学科发出回应,奋力反击。在这种学科间的冲突中,不同的社会科学研究方法发生藕合,在某种程度上推动了当代社会科学的发展。