基于LDA主题模型的学术谱系内知识传承研究——以谈家桢为核心的遗传学学术谱系为例

[目的/意义]学术谱系以知识传承的方式助推科学发展。研究知识传承特征,探索学术谱系传承模式及其学术产出影响效能,为探索人才成长规律及人才政策制定提供参考。[方法/过程]基于LDA主题模型,以遗传学领域谈家桢为核心的学术谱系成员发表的期刊文献为研究对象,对该谱系成员的研究主题进行抽取,借鉴生物学"遗传"与"变异"的概念,根据主题相似度将谱系成员划分为"遗传学者"变异学者"和"非遗传非变异学者",并对三种学者的学术绩效进行分析。[结果/结论]分析结果表明,谈家桢学术谱系内"遗传学者"和"变异学者"的学术绩效相对较高;"非遗传非变异学者"的数量占比最多,但学术绩效相对较低;"遗传学者"与"变异学者"在不同主题下的分布具有明显差异。     

虚拟社区知识共享意愿与行为的影响因素及其调节变量:元分析研究

[目的/意义] 针对已有虚拟社区知识共享意愿与行为影响因素实证研究结果之间的不一致问题,对该领域相关实证研究加以梳理和再分析。[方法/过程] 利用元分析方法,通过系统收集和虚拟社区知识共享意愿与行为相关的实证研究文献,梳理和识别影响知识共享意愿与行为的关键因素,并通过异质性检验和分组分析,探索不同研究之间存在不一致性的原因,从而检验调节变量的影响。[结果/结论] 研究发现,对知识共享意愿与行为具有显著正向影响的因素分别有10个、14个,其中利他主义和知识共享态度对知识共享意愿的影响最大,结果期望、共同语言、主观规范和身份认同是影响知识共享行为最显著的变量。同时,研究识别了社区类型和研究情境是不同研究异质性的部分来源,具有一定的调节效应。通过梳理和识别知识共享意愿与行为的影响因素和调节因素,可为虚拟社区管理者提供参考,为该领域后续研究提供更好的理论基础。     

Concept Relationships in Knowledge Organization Systems: Elements for Analysis and Common Research Among Fields

Knowledge organization systems have been studied in several fields and for different and complementary aspects. Among the aspects that concentrate common interests, in this article we highlight those related to the terminological and conceptual relationships among the components of any knowledge organization system. This research aims to contribute to the critical analysis of knowledge organization systems, especially ontologies, thesauri, and classification systems, by the comprehension of its similarities and differences when dealing with concepts and their ways of relating to each other as well as to the conceptual design that is adopted.     

基于知识治理的公共档案馆服务质量优化机制研究

[目的/意义] 在公共档案馆服务质量优化中引入知识治理理论,使得复杂的服务质量优化问题获得更本质的理解和更有效的解决途径,为公共档案馆服务质量和服务能力提升提供参考。[方法/过程] 以知识治理理论为支撑,对公共档案馆服务质量优化进行分析与探讨,设计公共档案馆服务质量优化机制。[结果/结论] 通过借鉴和探析知识治理机制,构建公共档案馆服务质量影响因素优化机制,主要包括优化的环境、优化的目标、优化内部动能（治理机制）、优化外部动力和优化过程五个部分。     

政府网站信息资源知识元模型与可视化表征研究

[目的/意义]利用知识元模型理论研究政府网站知识服务效果的优化路径,辅以可视化表征技术,以降低大数据环境下政务用户信息获取的操作负载和知识加工的认知负荷。[方法/过程]依据相关知识元模型研究推理出符合政府网站信息资源属性特征的六元组知识元表示方法和四元组知识元本体结构,采用TextRank与HDP算法分别抽取政府网站信息资源关键词和主题词,并由领域专家根据抽取结果确定知识元,构建包含知识元本体库生成和可视化知识服务的政府网站信息资源领域知识元可视化表征模型。[结果/结论]通过政府网站发布的共享单车实例检验知识元可视化表征模型的有效性和可行性,为实现政府网站粗粒度信息服务转向以知识元为单位的细粒度知识服务范式开辟了新的研究思路,可视化知识服务模式增强了政务信息导航的结构化和用户解读领域文本语义的效果。     

A new approach to explore the knowledge transition path in the evolution of science & technology: From the biology of restriction enzymes to their application in biotechnology

In this contribution, we develop a new approach to explore the process of knowledge transition from discovery-oriented science to technological fields, via applications-oriented research, including a mediator set. This trajectory is referred to as the D-A-T trajectory. It is shown how it can be constructed and measures are proposed to characterize the relational strength among different environments (discovery oriented research, applications-oriented research and patents) and the speed of evolution. Our approach is illustrated by a case study of three fundamental restriction enzymes articles. Among other results we found that 387 patents cited 124 of the 988 articles (a share of 12.55%) in the mediator set. Defining the non-patent references (NPR) transition rate as the number of citing patents divided by the number of articles in the mediator set yields a value 0.392. Our results suggest that the D-A-T path acts as a backbone and reveals important “invisible contributions” of an original scientific work during its evolution from discovery oriented research to outside academia. Our contribution provides a useful tool for bridging the existing gap in detecting the transition of knowledge between science and technology.     

利用布尔方法对馆员知识自律影响知识共享定性比较

馆员知识自律模式体现了馆员知识转移行动并把自身最有利的知识应用到工作中,使复杂的知识从内化到外化得以知识共享。根据馆员自律特征,采用布尔代数方法,对表示馆员条件进行布尔代数定性比较。分析馆员知识自律特征结构以及和知识转移、知识共享关系。揭示馆员知识自律特征和知识转移和共享管理之间的联系,为馆员提供支持知识转移合适条件。     

Confidence in prior knowledge,self-efficacy,interest and prior knowledge: Influences on conceptual change

This study explored how confidence in prior knowledge, self-efficacy, interest, and prior knowledge interact in conceptual change learning. One hundred and sixteen college students completed an assessment of confidence in prior knowledge, self-efficacy, interest, prior scientific understanding, and prior misconceptions before reading a refutation text on seasonal change. Students’ misconceptions and scientific understanding of seasonal change was then assessed before and after reading a refutation text, and again at a two week delayed posttest. Three profiles of students emerged based on their confidence in prior knowledge, self-efficacy, interest, prior scientific understanding, and prior misconceptions. The profiles included: (1) Low (low confidence, self-efficacy, interest, and prior scientific understanding and high prior misconceptions), (2) mixed (high confidence, self-efficacy, and interest, but low prior scientific understanding and high prior misconceptions), and (3) high (high confidence, self-efficacy, interest, and prior scientific understanding and low prior misconceptions). Results indicated that the mixed profile appeared to be most productive for conceptual change and that learner characteristics most productive for conceptual change learning may differ from those most productive in other learning situations.     

In the hearts and minds of employees: A model of pre-adoptive appraisal toward artificial intelligence in organizations

Organizations face increasing pressure to implement artificial intelligence (AI) within a variety of business processes and functions. Many perceived benefits surround AI, but a considerable amount of trepidation also exists because of the potential of AI to replace human employees and dehumanize work. Questions regarding the future of work in the age of AI are particularly salient in pre-adoption organizations, before employees have the opportunity to gain direct experience with AI. To cope with this potentially stressful situation, employees engage in cognitive appraisal processes based on their own knowledge and personal use of AI. These pre-adoptive appraisals of AI influence both affective and cognitive attitudes, which in turn trigger behavioral responses that influence an organization’s ability to leverage AI successfully. Our survey of 363 Taiwanese employees shows that perceptions of AI’s operational and cognitive capabilities are positively related to affective and cognitive attitudes toward AI, while concerns regarding AI have a negative relationship with affective attitude only. Interaction effects of employee knowledge and affective attitude are also observed. This work’s main contribution lies in the development of an empirically-tested model of the potential impact of AI on organizations from an employee perspective in the pre-adoption phase. These results have practical implications for how organizations prepare for the arrival of this transformative technology.     

The Metamorphosis of Industrial Designers from Novices to Experts

Professional training for designers is crucial in the field of design studies. The characteristics of novices versus those of expert designers have been identified in the literature; however, studies exploring the issue of professional training processes in the actual workplace are not well developed. Our study addresses the topic by using qualitative research methods along with flexible design. Collected data from the interviewees with different work experience were analysed by open, axial and selective coding. Herein, we argue that the processes by which a designer transforms from a novice into an expert in the industry are constructed through the interaction of several complicated factors. The re‐learning inherent in design professions is implemented through knowledge transfer gained from participation in design projects, particularly regarding tacit knowledge. Also, the novice's process of learning and training yields the characteristics and skills that companies and firms require of designers; this process involves a series of disciplinary sub‐processes, from destructive to reconstructive, implemented by employers. In these sub‐processes, the subjectivity of designers is neglected, leading to the suppression of imaginative expression and feelings of alienation among these workers.