On international trade in educational services: an interpretation of the regulations and China’s WTO commitments

The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) covers educational trade services. Hence, all the regulations of the GATS have to be followed in the international trade of educational services. Having acceded to the WTO, China is starting to fulfill the rights and obligations as a member by completely respecting international trade, services and intellectual property laws. At the same time, it is also starting to fulfill some of the commitments it made in the GATS, such as expanding activities on trade in educational services. Comprehending the fundamental regulations and China’s commitments is significant towards promoting China’s international trade in educational services. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Normal University (Social Sciences), 2004 (1)     

应如何正确理解"多值解析函数"

本文针对多值函数因其多值性而引起的复杂性,抓住关键,突出重点,归纳出学习多值解析函数应注意的几个问题,从而突破“多值解析函数”这一教学难点。     

The problem-solving process as part of professionals’ boundary work in preschool to school transition

ABSTRACT

A successful transition from preschool to school demands continuity in education between the institutions: continuity in pedagogy, values and institutional structures. One way to achieve continuity is to learn how to do boundary work in the borderline of two activity systems. This article examines what kinds of discourses frame the problem-solving process in the context of inter-professional collaboration. The data consists of video-recorded, inter-professional discussions in the 2012–2013 (a total of 22.5?h). The project, called Flexible Preschool and School, aims to develop a new model for a smooth transition to school. In the project, professionals from preschool and school create joint activities and co-teaching, which is assumed to bridge the gap between pedagogies and assure the continuity of learning. The professionals’ cultural thoughts in different kinds of problem-solving situations become visible in the discourses produced in the talk. These discourses describe their capacity for solving shared problems. Creating new innovations demands an understanding that complex problems require diverse knowledge. Considering the shared knowledge as valuable enough to put into practice is the way to create new forms of problem-solving. This is implemented by taking on the responsibility to be an active actor.     

Linkages between cognitive and social dialogue patterns during collaborative small-group discussions

BackgroundCollaborative small-group discussions have the potential to promote reading comprehension, critical thinking, and argumentation. However, few studies have gone beyond cognitive processes to understand the social characteristics of dialogue and their potential contributions to students’ cognitive processing in turn-by-turn dialogic exchanges.AimsThis study closely examined dialogues between speakers and addressees regarding their levels of cognitive processing (i.e., cognitive dialogue patterns) and social processes reflecting social cohesion (i.e., social dialogue patterns). The aims were to understand, first, the relations between students' cognitive dialogue patterns and their social dialogue patterns, and second, the relations between students' cognitive dialogue patterns and peers’ social dialogue patterns.SampleThis study included 4070 speaking turns generated by 120 fifth-graders in 60 small-group discussions.MethodsStudents participated in small-group discussions, called Collaborative Social Reasoning. Dialogue between pairs of group members formed social networks, based on which Exponential Random Graph Models (ERGMs) were specified.ResultsFindings showed that speakers' social dialogue patterns were associated with their cognitive dialogue patterns. However, receiving social dialogue patterns from peers did not always predict students’ advanced types of cognitive dialogue patterns.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that cognitive and social aspects of small-group discussions are intricately linked, and that encouraging social cohesion does not guarantee that students will engage in collaborative and critical discussions.     

"替天行道"行何"道"--关于《水浒传》中"道"的辨析

《水浒传》中的“替天行道”打的虽是“道”的旗帜,行的却是儒家之道。尽管《水浒传》与道教的关系很密切,“替天行道”也很容易和道家、道教之道搅和在一起,但宋江实际上行的自始自终都是儒家的“道”。     

盛宣怀与愚斋图书馆

盛宣怀是中国近代史上一位比较复杂的历史人物。从化角度来审视盛宣怀，他又是一位大藏书家，曾创办图书馆，编书。刻书，收藏金石书画。本由愚斋图书馆的创建，愚斋藏书的源流、愚斋图书馆藏书目录、愚斋藏书的流散四个方面，论述了盛宣怀在传承化典籍方面的活动和贡献。     

浅论图书馆文化

图书馆文化是一种以继承和传播科学文化知识为核心的一种文化。文章主要探讨图书馆文化的产生、发展、作用和功能以及在信息社会里图书馆文化的发展前景。     

Turning Polemics into Pedagogy: Teaching about Censorship in Art Education

In recent decades, the field of art education has seen an increasing interest in issues of social justice and social reconstruction which has led to pre‐service art educators often being encouraged to include potentially controversial topics in their pedagogy. Surprisingly, however, there seems to have been little concurrent discussion concerning the inherent risks involved in introducing polemical themes within the classroom. Indeed, despite its obvious importance, the subject of censorship is often given little attention in art education circles, save for when it has already become an active problem, such as when an instructor is accused of censorship by a student, or when forces outside the classroom seek to involve themselves in pedagogical decisions. In this article, I describe my experience creating and implementing an undergraduate pre‐service art education course on the subject of censorship. I begin by examining my students’ reactions to some of the themes explored, and then explain how discussing cases of art censorship and controversy can serve as a platform for introducing students to the key role that context plays in how we perceive, value and react to artworks. Finally, I make the argument that by including censorship as a subject within their curriculum, teachers can help students better to navigate the psychological, moral and ethical complexities of contemporary art making.     

计算机分析系统的发展趋势

本文讨论了计算机分析系统的发展趋势,注意力集中在软件发展方面所见到的情况,把新的硬件发展和计算机分析系统结合起来,提出了软件研究人员与计算机硬件设计人员之间的相互促进关系和市场因素对建立分析系统的未来趋势有重要影响.     

交通运输专业培养方案调研与分析

人才培养方案是学校组织教学过程、规范教学环节以及实现人才培养目标的主要依据。本文首先对国内八所高校交通运输专业的培养方案进行了调研与分析,总结其在培养目标和课程体系方面的差异性,然后对交通运输专业毕业生及用人单位进行调研,分析了交通运输专业培养方案的实践效果,最后在此基础上,提出了交通运输专业培养方案优化建议,使得培养方案的修订更加具有科学性和合理性,满足人才培养的需求。