Copyright or copyleft?: An analysis of property regimes for software development

Two property regimes for software development may be distinguished. Within corporations, on the one hand, a Private Regime obtains which excludes all outsiders from access to a firm's software assets. It is shown how the protective instruments of secrecy and both copyright and patent have been strengthened considerably during the last two decades. On the other, a Public Regime among hackers may be distinguished, initiated by individuals, organizations or firms, in which source code is freely exchanged. It is argued that copyright is put to novel use here: claiming their rights, authors write ‘open source licenses’ that allow public usage of the code, while at the same time regulating the inclusion of users. A ‘regulated commons’ is created. The analysis focuses successively on the most important open source licenses to emerge, the problem of possible incompatibility between them (especially as far as the dominant General Public License is concerned), and the fragmentation into several user communities that may result.     

城乡全科医生信息源与互联网信息障碍比较

文章旨在探讨城乡全科医生信息源以及互联网信息障碍的差异,以推进有针对性地为城乡全科医生提供优质的医疗信息服务,提高其医疗水平和服务能力。文章采用问卷调查法,通过便利采样在城市和农村的基层医疗机构回收有效问卷150份,并对采集到的数据进行统计分析。结果显示,城市和农村全科医生信息源的多样性及偏好并无显著差异,其对大部分信息源的感知有用性也趋同;但他们对同行信息源和非正式文件的感知有用性存在显著差异。互联网的使用频率、自我感知使用能力、接受互联网培训以及通过医疗网站为病人诊断等情况在城乡全科医生之间也无显著差异。在互联网信息障碍方面,城市和农村的全科医生都遇到了网络连接太慢以及软件问题;此外,农村全科医生还面临着语言障碍、缺乏熟悉度或经验以及信息过载等障碍。据此,文章提出,要重点提高农村全科医生的信息素养;大力发展全科医生的医学教育;进行城乡全科医生互联网技能培训,但由于城乡中基础设施和全科医生教育背景的差异,培训的内容和形式也要因地制宜、因人而异;加强互联网医疗信息资源建设;合理进行农村基层医疗机构的软硬件配置。     

Reporting from the Frontline

This paper focuses on the war correspondents traveling in the Balkans during the period of the Balkan Wars (1912–1913) to cover military campaigns. It tries to explore the paths of information, the mechanisms of propaganda and the restrictions used by the Balkan states to control the content of the news transmitted. The Balkan Wars were among the first military events covered so extensively by newspapers all around the world. In the battle-fields the principles of the new field of journalism were highly tested. The lessons learnt in the Balkans during the Balkan Wars proved to be productive and useful for the improvement of the relationship between war correspondents and military authorities.     

Deep Participation in Underserved Communities: A Quantitative Analysis of Hearken’s Model for Engagement Journalism

ABSTRACT

Hearken is a proprietary news engagement platform growing in popularity. Under the Hearken approach, audience members are invited to participate in the newsmaking process. Hearken strives to assist news organizations in providing local and hyperlocal content that meets audience needs and demands while preserving elements of the journalist’s role as gatekeeper. Hearken has also worked to help news organizations reach underrepresented populations with mixed results per its own anecdotal analyses. This study employs a quantitative content analysis comparing one year’s worth of coverage at four different local NPR affiliates in the United States to provide a breakdown of Hearken content versus traditional reporter-driven content in the following four categories: emphasis on hyperlocal coverage, story topic prevalence within local and hyperlocal coverage, emphasis on coverage of underrepresented communities, and story topic prevalence within coverage of underrepresented communities. Findings reveal listener-driven Hearken content favors hyperlocal news on lifestyle issues while reporter-driven stories emphasize state-level governance and politics as well as local crime. These indicate a stark contrast between the content audiences want and that which journalists tend to report. The nuanced normative implications, possibilities and limitations of Hearken’s model of “deep participation” are addressed in some detail.     

南北朝隋唐时期画家的创作心态与文化支持

南北朝隋唐时期的绘画理论,对冠绝当代、后世宗承的画家及其创作多有评述,这为探视古代画家的创作心态提供了有利的依据。古代画家"守其神,专其一"的心态修持,是儒释道文化集中影响的结果。魏晋南北朝及隋唐时期,古代画家在儒释道文化相互融合的环境下,广泛汲取儒释道文化中有关心态修持的思想成果,从而为绘画心态的修持以及理想境界的探索提供了丰富的途径和方法。     

《古今清谈万选》的编者、来源、改动及价值

《古今清谈万选》的编者是周近泉。书中有18篇作品可考知作者和出处。编者改动原篇名,统一以四字为标题,并删改原作品的开头和情节,破坏了小说的完整性和艺术性。尚奇崇怪的选材特点,及每篇配有插图且进行评点注释的编刊版式,体现出编者的小说理论批评观念,也表明文言小说的通俗化、大众化,推动了雅俗文化的融合,反映了明代的文学思潮,具有鲜明的时代特色和多重价值。     

宜春鄱官节的源流与原因

鄱官是被奉为田神、田祖、渔神、灾害神的地方神;鄱官节,又称鄱官日或是婆观日,是一个流传于宜春城乡地区很古老的民俗。主要分布在江西省部分地市以及湖南、贵州等地。宜春鄱官节的风俗习惯主要有：敬鄱官、晒家底、吃新等。宜春地区鄱官节出现的时期有人考证为五代十国时期;作为水神出现的时间至迟不晚于汉代;作为灾害神出现的时间在先秦。鄱官节及风俗产生的原因,主要有社会经济文化发展水平,对土地的生殖能力的崇拜,气候因素,相近风俗的归并等。民俗作为一种独特的文化系统,在长期的发展过程中不断传承,不断变异是它的特点。在这个风俗中,有的习惯消失了,有的还继续流传着,呈现纷繁的景象。     

论英语新闻语篇中模糊语的语用功能

阐述了模糊语产生的根源,介绍其主要表现形式,并结合英语报刊实例和报刊英语文体特点,探讨了模糊语在新闻语篇中贴近客观事实、留下回旋余地、增强情感意义等语用功能,进而指出其对提高学生听力理解能力的重要意义。     

从功能翻译理论看英语新闻标题的翻译

新闻标题翻译是一个涉及多学科的研究课题,本文以功能翻译理论和传播学为分析框架,论证诺德提出的"功能加忠诚"是指导新闻标题翻译实践的重要原则。译者作为"把关人"之一,有充分的能动性,可以使用直译、意译、增词法、减词法等编译手段翻译英文新闻标题,但必须考虑源语文本作者的目的,以及兼顾新闻受众的需求,尽可能在原文作者、译者和译文读者多边关系中寻求一致。     

探究英语体育新闻的词汇特点

体育是人类社会文化生活不可缺少的组成部分,体育活动和体育比赛已成为日常生活中人们关心的主要话题之一。作为大众了解体育的重要信息来源,体育新闻在新闻报道中的地位也是举足轻重。体育新闻除具有一般新闻的特点外,自身还有着鲜明的语言特色,如大量使用专业术语、缩略词、结构简洁、幽默夸张等。本文围绕体育报道的用词特点,借助实例加以分析、总结,以期帮助读者了解西方英语体育新闻的写作特点,并感受其背后的文化精神与魅力。