改进学术环境,扼制研究不端行为——以美国为例

大学研究不端行为在我国已经演化成为一个公共议题,正在啃噬我国大学,造成我国大学的公信危机和创新力危机。同时,研究不端行为也是一个世界范围的问题。本文较详尽地介绍了美国对研究不端行为的研究和处理,以及培植学术诚信环境的建议,以期为我国改进学术诚信环境,扼制研究不端行为逆流提出政策性的选择。     

Psst,have you ever cheated? A study of academic dishonesty in Sweden

It has been reported that academic dishonesty is a prevalent problem that crosses all disciplines at the university level. But, how prevalent is it in Sweden? Little is published in the literature about lying, cheating, and plagiarism amongst Swedish university students. This paper focuses on the frequency of past specific academically dishonest behaviours amongst Swedish University students with consideration to social desirability. The results indicate that although there are variations in frequency of dishonest behaviours amongst university students, some dishonest behaviours are more common than others. Future perspectives are discussed.     

Internet plagiarism in higher education: tendencies,triggering factors and reasons among teacher candidates

While plagiarism has been a growing problem in higher education for a long time, the use of the Internet has made this increasing problem more unmanageable. In many countries, this problem has become a matter of discussion, and higher education institutions feel obliged to review their policies on academic dishonesty. As part of these efforts, the study aims to examine the tendencies of teacher candidates to plagiarise using the Internet, factors affecting their tendencies and the reasons for plagiarism. In this context, a questionnaire was administered to a total of 386 first- and fourth-grade college students at a college of education. The data were analysed using frequencies, percentages, the Mann–Whitney U test and Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance. The findings revealed that the teacher candidates had, to some extent, a tendency to plagiarise using the Internet by copying material or using the same assignment in different courses. Gender, department and length of computer use were found to be significant factors affecting their tendencies to plagiarise using the Internet. Time constraints, workload and difficulty of the assignments/projects were indicated as among the major reasons for tendencies towards Internet plagiarism.     

论科技期刊数字化后之利与弊

互联网的快速推广与普及以及数字化技术的发展,原有的科技信息传播方式发生了巨大变化,读者获取专业科技信息的渠道进一步拓宽,同时给传统科技期刊的生存与发展带来了前所未有的挑战,对编辑提出了更高的要求。科技期刊数字化后,利弊并存,期刊的影响力得到显著提高,仍然要求编辑在收集、处理、利用信息的时候,认真地考虑信息的质量问题。同时知识版权受到挑战,编辑应尽最大努力规避抄袭现象的泛滥。     

Faculty and student perceptions on college cheating: evidence from Turkey

Investigation of academic dishonesty has increased markedly in the past two decades; however, the body of research offers inconclusive evidence for many variables. This study examines faculty and student perceptions of in‐class and out‐of‐class cheating behaviours and provides contextual evidence for the prevalence of assessment practices used. Faculty and students differed only slightly in their attitudes toward collegiate cheating and their views on possible reasons for it. We found that the prevalence of teaching and assessment types used in student grading is significantly correlated with perceptions of out‐of‐class cheating, but not with out‐of‐class cheating behaviours. Students with less experience in out‐of‐class assessment display a less ethical attitude toward out‐of‐class cheating.     

医学期刊图表重复的防范策略

【目的】探讨医学期刊如何防范图表抄袭、重复等学术不端行为;【方法】对作者投稿、编辑初审、同行评议、编辑加工、出版后处理等流程中应注意的问题进行归纳总结;【结果】投稿时作者应签署著作权转让相关文件并对图片进行加密处理;编辑部收稿时应对作者信息进行核实,提防"枪手"稿件;学术不端检测时采用统一格式上传稿件,并可采用多家检测系统,编辑对检测结果应综合分析;重视同行评议;编辑加工阶段注意核实图表具体信息及图片分辨率,必要时请作者提供原始数据。【结论】只要在编辑工作中多加留意,图表重复的鉴别仍有章可循。     

How to correct teaching methods that favour plagiarism: recommendations from teachers and students in a Spanish language distance education university

The presentation of the intellectual work of others as their own by students is believed to be common worldwide. Punishments and detection software have failed to solve the problem and have important limitations themselves. To go to the root of the problem, we applied an online questionnaire to 344 university students and their 13 teachers. Our objective was to compare their views on plagiarism and to test nine hypotheses about causation. We found that both students and teachers know what plagiarism is and that each group blames itself to some extent. Students blamed their own attitude but also mentioned their need to cope with an unnecessarily heavy workload imposed by teachers. Teachers blamed impunity and their own failure in providing meaningful and creative student work. Only 8% of the students admitted to plagiarising contents and admission was independent of need for higher scores, years in the university, sex, age, occupation, career or living in a small city where educational resources are more limited. We found that Spanish language literature has given more attention to the students’ point of view than much of its English counterparts, and conclude that plagiarism can be prevented by an approach based mainly on a workload defined by teacher teams instead of isolated teachers; reduction of rote learning (associated with texts that are easy to copy and paste); assignment of individualised work that cannot be plagiarised (workshops, exhibitions, forums, portfolios, solving real cases, applying concepts to the student’s personal experience); and accompanying students along the whole process of producing the written work.     

Developing Online Tutorials to Improve Information Literacy Skills for Second-Year Nursing Students of University College Dublin

This article explores the process of developing online tutorials for a specified student group, in this case Second-Year Nursing students in University College Dublin. The product was commissioned by the Health Sciences Library and the UCD School of Nursing, Midwifery, and Health Systems. It was developed as a “Capstone Project” for part fulfillment of the MLIS in UCD.

We focused our research on three areas of scholarship to assist in the development of our product, namely Information Behavior, Learning Technologies, and Learning Science and Design. Flemings VARK model was used to inform the team of the four different learning styles (visual, auditory, reading, and kinesthetic) and to match the presentation style to these.

An initial difficulty in the assessment phase was one of access to a large group of students, as the students were on clinical placements. We created personas and a profile of nursing students to try and compensate for this. The tutorial was developed to cater for this specific group of students and later to act as a valuable support to the Library, which is under severe pressure in terms of staff availability to support student learning.

The product is relatively straightforward to produce (and maintain) and is something the Library will be able to develop and add to in future years.     

Questioning Student Learning: an exploration of student's views on learning to become independent nurse prescribers

This illuminative evaluation study gives insights into attitudes to learning, interaction and the perceived roles of theory, evidence, reading and previous experience. These insights lead us to question some aspects of the course as currently presented. Students indicated that they found the course material stimulating but prior guidance on the areas to read before commencing learning would have been helpful. Students were desperate to learn and to be successful, but many were apprehensive about the intensity of the pharmacological content and diagnostic skills that are required to make a clinical diagnosis. Sadly, some students felt that the restriction of the extended nurse formulary, while valuable to their professional development and credibility as a nurse, would not enhance the care that could be provided to patients. This limitation was not realized until the course had commenced. This may have been avoided if an information day had been provided before commencing the course. For many students, a positive finding was the realization of the relevance to practice and the contribution that could be made to everyday nursing care. Future independent nurse prescribing students would benefit from the provision of pre‐course reading, guided studies in pharmacology, normal physiology and physical examination skills before commencing the course of study. The use of a theoretical self‐assessment tool would allow potential students to assess their suitability for the programme. Aspects of student learning need to be discussed early in the programme.