Reducing unwarranted antibiotic use for pediatric acute otitis media: the influence of physicians' explanation and instruction on parent compliance with ‘watchful waiting’

‘Watchful waiting’ (WW) involves prescribing antibiotics but advising against use unless the illness fails to improve in a set time. For childhood ear infections, WW can reduce unnecessary antibiotic use, but parents do not necessarily comply with WW advice. This study examines how physician explanation and instruction is related to parental compliance. A national sample of parents (N?=?134) who received WW advice reported what they remembered physicians saying. These responses were coded for explanatory and instructional elements indicated by relevant clinical guidelines. Parents also reported whether they complied with the WW advice or administered the antibiotic immediately. Parental compliance was predicted by explanation of the nature of ear infections, instruction on monitoring, and instruction on managing pain. Few parents reported any explanation about antibiotics’ adverse effects. Findings suggest physicians can improve parent compliance with WW by improving the quality of the explanation and instruction they provide.     

Does interpretation influence elaboration and environmental behaviors?

Understanding the development of pro-environmental behavioral intentions and behaviors remains one of the greatest challenges for environmental educators worldwide. Using the Elaboration Likelihood Model as a theoretical foundation, we developed surveys to evaluate the influence of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park Junior Ranger program on youths’ (ages 8–13) elaboration (comprised of awareness, interest, and cognitive engagement) and stewardship behaviors. Results suggest that these programs had significant immediate influences on both elaboration as well as stewardship intentions and behaviors. We then investigated whether elaboration was predictive of children’s behavioral intentions and self-reported behaviors associated with stewardship using structural equation modeling (SEM). Results suggest that elaboration accounted for 88% of the variance in participants’ stewardship behaviors/intentions.     

基于经理人代理和管家行为倾向的民营企业公司治理选择

经理人实施的是代理人行为还是管家行为是其在对企业内部和外部治理机制的预期利益权衡之后做出的理性反应,也是与企业主博弈的结果.在我国民营企业外部制度约束薄弱、内部治理机制失效的条件下,经理人的理性选择更多地表现为代理人倾向.因此,为约束经理人代理行为,而激励其管家行为,通过对经理人代理和管家行为倾向特征的分析,从民营企业内部治理和外部治理角度提出了各自的公司治理选择.     

Stewardship and usefulness: Policy principles for information-based transparency

This paper is a conceptual and empirical exploration of the tensions inherent in the drive to increase openness and transparency in government by means of information access and dissemination. The idea that democratic governments should be open, accessible, and transparent to the governed is receiving renewed emphasis through the combination of government reform efforts and the emergence of advanced technology tools for information access. Although these initiatives are young, they already exhibit daunting complexity, with significant management, technology, and policy challenges. A variety of traditional and emerging information policy frameworks offer guidance, while diverse research perspectives highlight both challenges to and opportunities for promoting information-based transparency. Early experience with Data.gov, a central component of the U.S. Open Government Initiative, suggests that two fundamental information policy principles, stewardship and usefulness, can help guide and evaluate efforts to achieve information-based transparency.     

Engaging youth in public lands monitoring: opportunities for enhancing ecological literacy and environmental stewardship

Abstract

The US Forest Service has a long history of youth conservation education. We investigated U.S. Forest Service citizen science programs that involve secondary school students in field collection of monitoring data to understand (1) how the programs integrated science and environmental education and (2) whether these programs advance ecological literacy and environmental stewardship. We conducted semi-structured interviews with the program leads, teachers, and students. Program leads and students said programs produced reliable data and met monitoring and other U.S. Forest Service stewardship objectives. Although these programs varied in design and objectives, our findings suggest these programs were incorporating both science and environmental education, and there is some indication they are creating ecological literacy among participants. Students exhibited environmental stewardship to some degree as a result of all programs, but the extent of this is tied to programs’ objectives and design.     

Forging Partnerships: Foundations of Geospatial Data Stewardship

Geospatial data stewardship fosters user-driven collection, management, access, reuse, and preservation of location-based data. Academic and research libraries are poised to be at the center of geospatial data stewardship, working with partners to develop a sustainable, geospatial data stewardship hub. This article argues for the essential role of libraries in leading collaborative partnerships to develop a user-driven, spatial data infrastructure that includes people, policies, standards, community perspectives, and operational workflows. The emerging model of partnership-based spatial data infrastructure described at the Washington University Libraries demonstrates working methods in practice.     

企业内部信任与技术创新模式选择的关系

技术创新模式的选择对企业发展至关重要。基于管家理论从大股东与经理人间信任的角度给出企业不同技术创新模式选择的解释。认为给予经理人足够的信任,能使其发挥主动性能动性去创新,以应对激烈的市场变化,从而实现股东利益最大化。结合现有信任和技术创新选择文献,考察大股东对经理人的两种不同信任方式(情感型信任和认知型信任)在经理人创新动力调节下对企业技术创新模式选择的影响。研究得出:(1)大股东与经理人间的情感信任与突变创新选择呈倒U型关系;(2)大股东与经理人间的认知型信任促进渐进创新的选择;(3)经理人创新动力正向调节认知信任和渐进创新之间关系。     

Perspective on Department of Energy Geospatial Science

ABSTRACT

For many decades, the Department of Energy (DOE) has been an international leader in basic scientific and engineering research that utilizes geospatial science to advance the state of knowledge in disciplines impacting national security, energy sustainability, environmental stewardship, and associated basic research. However, the realized benefits from cross-cutting geospatial science contributions have fallen short of what they could have been with greater collaboration across the DOE complex, stronger emphasis on core geographic information science (GIScience) research and development to support advanced applications, increased strategic institutional support (e.g., for management of legacy data), and additional education and outreach concerning how geospatial science can benefit DOE programs and operations. We propose a vision for DOE's geospatial science based on expanded collaboration to address major national problems, additional advanced GIScience research and development, and a long-term strategy to better manage DOE's geospatial science resources (personnel, facilities, shared data, etc.).     

Tallebudgera: A First Experience in Environmental Education

Abstract

The environment as an issue has been prominently before the public for almost two decades. Yet the question of how much the public knows about their environment or about environmental issues has seldom been considered in the research literature. Using data from a statewide survey, this paper examines the general level of public environmental knowledge and analyzes the sociodemographic characteristics correlated with such knowledge. The results indicate that public environmental knowledge remains painfully low, and that the major correlates of environmental knowledge are education, income, and sex. The need for the development of environmental knowledge scales that can be applied across a variety of research is discussed.